Third-generation sequencingThird-generation sequencing (also known as long-read sequencing) is a class of DNA sequencing methods currently under active development. Third generation sequencing technologies have the capability to produce substantially longer reads than second generation sequencing, also known as next-generation sequencing. Such an advantage has critical implications for both genome science and the study of biology in general. However, third generation sequencing data have much higher error rates than previous technologies, which can complicate downstream genome assembly and analysis of the resulting data.
Taille du génomevignette|Arbre phylogénétique indiquant la taille des génomes chez les organismes des trois domaines du monde vivant: les bactéries Bacteria (en bleu), les archées Archaea (en vert) et les eucaryotes Eucarya (en rouge). La taille du génome correspond à la quantité d'ADN contenue dans une copie d'un génome. La taille d'un génome est également appelée valeur C.
Projet de séquençage de génomeLes projets de séquençage de génome sont des projets scientifiques qui ont pour but d'obtenir les séquences complètes des génomes de différents organismes: bactéries, plantes, champignons, animaux, et humain. Ce travail nécessite la séquence de l'ADN de chacun des chromosomes de l'espèce. Pour une bactérie, il n'y a qu'un chromosome à séquencer. Pour l'espèce humaine, qui possède 22 paires de chromosomes et 2 chromosomes sexuels (X et Y), il y a 24 chromosomes à séquencer. Le projet génome humain est abouti depuis 2003.
Multiple sequence alignmentMultiple sequence alignment (MSA) may refer to the process or the result of sequence alignment of three or more biological sequences, generally protein, DNA, or RNA. In many cases, the input set of query sequences are assumed to have an evolutionary relationship by which they share a linkage and are descended from a common ancestor. From the resulting MSA, sequence homology can be inferred and phylogenetic analysis can be conducted to assess the sequences' shared evolutionary origins.
Séquençage shotgunEn génétique, le séquençage shotgun (littéralement séquençage "fusil de chasse") est une méthode utilisée pour séquencer des brins d'ADN aléatoires. On l'appelle ainsi par analogie avec le modèle de tir quasi-aléatoire en pleine expansion d'un fusil de chasse : cette métaphore illustre le caractère aléatoire de la fragmentation initiale de l'ADN génomique où l'on "arrose" tout le génome, un peu comme se dispersent les plombs de ce type d'arme à feu.
Structural alignmentStructural alignment attempts to establish homology between two or more polymer structures based on their shape and three-dimensional conformation. This process is usually applied to protein tertiary structures but can also be used for large RNA molecules. In contrast to simple structural superposition, where at least some equivalent residues of the two structures are known, structural alignment requires no a priori knowledge of equivalent positions.
Sanger sequencingSanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing that involves electrophoresis and is based on the random incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication. After first being developed by Frederick Sanger and colleagues in 1977, it became the most widely used sequencing method for approximately 40 years. It was first commercialized by Applied Biosystems in 1986. More recently, higher volume Sanger sequencing has been replaced by next generation sequencing methods, especially for large-scale, automated genome analyses.
Clinical metagenomic sequencingClinical metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) is the comprehensive analysis of microbial and host genetic material (DNA or RNA) in clinical samples from patients by next-generation sequencing. It uses the techniques of metagenomics to identify and characterize the genome of bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses without the need for a prior knowledge of a specific pathogen directly from clinical specimens.
GénomiqueLa génomique est une discipline de la biologie moderne. Elle étudie le fonctionnement d'un organisme, d'un organe, d'un cancer, etc. à l'échelle du génome, au lieu de se limiter à l'échelle d'un seul gène. La génomique se divise en deux branches : La génomique structurale, qui se charge du séquençage du génome entier ; La génomique fonctionnelle, qui vise à déterminer la fonction et l'expression des gènes séquencés en caractérisant le transcriptome et le protéome. La génomique est l'équivalent de la métabolomique pour les métabolites.
Bacterial genomeBacterial genomes are generally smaller and less variant in size among species when compared with genomes of eukaryotes. Bacterial genomes can range in size anywhere from about 130 kbp to over 14 Mbp. A study that included, but was not limited to, 478 bacterial genomes, concluded that as genome size increases, the number of genes increases at a disproportionately slower rate in eukaryotes than in non-eukaryotes. Thus, the proportion of non-coding DNA goes up with genome size more quickly in non-bacteria than in bacteria.