New highly cytotoxic organic and organometallic bexarotene derivatives

A series of bifunctional ruthenium(II) arene compounds modified with bexarotene, a retinoid that selectively activates retinoid X receptors inducing cell differentiation and apoptosis and preventing drug resistance, are described. The bexarotene is tethered to the ruthenium(II) arene fragment via an imidazole linker. Both the bexarotene-imidazole ligand and ruthenium(II) arene complexes are considerably more cytotoxic than the parent drug bexarotene. Docking studies show that the interactions of these compounds with possible targets are significantly different to the binding mode of the parent drug. (C) 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Organometallic ruthenium-based antitumor compounds with novel modes of action

Wee Han Ang, Angela Casini, Paul Joseph Dyson, Gianni Sava

Both metal complexes and organic molecules are widely used for the treatment of various diseases including cancer - in addition to surgery and radiotherapy. Recent years have witnessed a surge of interest in the application of organometallic compounds to treat cancer and other diseases. Indeed, the unique properties of organometallic compounds, intermediate between those of classical inorganic and organic materials provide new opportunities in medicinal chemistry. In this review, based on the award lecture at ICBOMC'10, we describe a class of ruthenium(II)-arene complexes that are weakly cytotoxic in vitro, but show selective antimetastatic activity in vivo. These compounds, [Ru(eta(6)-p-arene)Cl-2(pta)] termed RAPTA, interact strongly with proteins, with the ability to discriminate binding to different proteins, but show a relatively low propensity to bind DNA, which is considered to be the main target of many metal-based drugs. The basic RAPTA structure is quite stable in physiological environments, and studies have shown that aquation of the chloride bonds occurs, it may not be an essential step for anticancer drug activity - direct substitution with biomolecular targets is also possible. Based on the favorable physicochemical properties of RAPTA compounds, combined with their highly promising pharmacological properties, the structure represents an ideal scaffold for rational drug design. Thus far, strategies to overcome drug resistance, by interference with critical enzymes responsible for drug deactivation, and tumor targeting, by tethering to human serum albumin via hydrolyzable linkers, have been demonstrated. However, many more approaches can be envisaged. In any case, the net result are a type of hybrid compounds, that occupy a niche somewhere between classical cisplatin-type anticancer agents that are widely applied to many tumor types and targeted therapies based on organic structures used to inhibit specific enzymes. As such, should these compounds prove themselves in the clinic it is not inconceivable that they could be rapidly refined to form personalized chemotherapies. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

2011

Organometallic ruthenium-based antitumor compounds with novel modes of action

Wee Han Ang, Angela Casini, Paul Joseph Dyson, Gianni Sava

2011