Somatic mutationA somatic mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of a somatic cell of a multicellular organism with dedicated reproductive cells; that is, any mutation that occurs in a cell other than a gamete, germ cell, or gametocyte. Unlike germline mutations, which can be passed on to the descendants of an organism, somatic mutations are not usually transmitted to descendants. This distinction is blurred in plants, which lack a dedicated germline, and in those animals that can reproduce asexually through mechanisms such as budding, as in members of the cnidarian genus Hydra.
Leibniz formula for determinantsIn algebra, the Leibniz formula, named in honor of Gottfried Leibniz, expresses the determinant of a square matrix in terms of permutations of the matrix elements. If is an matrix, where is the entry in the -th row and -th column of , the formula is where is the sign function of permutations in the permutation group , which returns and for even and odd permutations, respectively. Another common notation used for the formula is in terms of the Levi-Civita symbol and makes use of the Einstein summation notation, where it becomes which may be more familiar to physicists.
Maladie de GaucherLa maladie de Gaucher, aussi appelée sphingolipidose, est une maladie de surcharge lysosomale, fréquemment présente chez les juifs Ashkénazes, en rapport avec un déficit enzymatique en glucocérébrosidase due à une mutation autosomique récessive du gène lié à l'enzyme β-glucosidase acide, et conduit à une accumulation de son substrat, le glucocérébroside (un sphingolipide) en particulier dans le système nerveux mais aussi dans la rate, le foie, les poumons, la moelle osseuse.
