Oméga-3Les acides gras oméga-3, notés également ω3 (ou encore n-3), sont des acides gras polyinsaturés que l'on trouve en grande quantité dans certains poissons gras (principalement les salmonidés tels que le saumon ou la truite mais aussi l'anchois, le hareng, le maquereau et la sardine), dans les graines de chia, le lin, la noix, la cameline, le colza et le soja. Des régimes alimentaires apportant une bonne quantité de ces aliments riches en oméga-3 sont le régime méditerranéen, le régime paléolithique et le régime Okinawa.
Carbone organique dissousLe carbone organique dissous ou COD (en anglais, dissolved organic carbon ou DOC) est un paramètre global de la chimie de l'eau utilisé pour caractériser et suivre l’évolution du taux de carbone dissous dans les eaux (douces, saumâtres ou marines), ou la pollution organique des milieux aquatiques. C'est une fraction parfois importante du Carbone organique total (COT). La pollution par certaines matières organiques et le carbone dissous tend à augmenter dans le monde, dont en France, en Bretagne par exemple.
Benthosvignette|La colonne d'eau et ses différents étages d'espèces. vignette|Représentation schématique du concept de l'halieute Daniel Pauly. Le benthos est l'ensemble des organismes aquatiques (marins ou dulcicoles), appelés benthontes, vivant à proximité du fond des mers et océans, des lacs et cours d'eau. Par opposition, on parle de pélagos (constitué du plancton et du necton) pour désigner l'ensemble des organismes qui occupent la tranche d'eau supérieure, du fond à la surface.
Particulate organic matterParticulate organic matter (POM) is a fraction of total organic matter operationally defined as that which does not pass through a filter pore size that typically ranges in size from 0.053 millimeters (53 μm) to 2 millimeters. Particulate organic carbon (POC) is a closely related term often used interchangeably with POM. POC refers specifically to the mass of carbon in the particulate organic material, while POM refers to the total mass of the particulate organic matter.
Total organic carbonTotal organic carbon (TOC) is an analytical parameter representing the concentration of organic carbon in a sample. TOC determinations are made in a variety of application areas. For example, TOC may be used as a non-specific indicator of water quality, or TOC of source rock may be used as one factor in evaluating a petroleum play. For marine surface sediments average TOC content is 0.5% in the deep ocean, and 2% along the eastern margins.
Benthic zoneThe benthic zone is the ecological region at the lowest level of a body of water such as an ocean, lake, or stream, including the sediment surface and some sub-surface layers. The name comes from ancient Greek, βένθος (bénthos), meaning "the depths." Organisms living in this zone are called benthos and include microorganisms (e.g., bacteria and fungi) as well as larger invertebrates, such as crustaceans and polychaetes. Organisms here generally live in close relationship with the substrate and many are permanently attached to the bottom.
Fatty acid metabolismFatty acid metabolism consists of various metabolic processes involving or closely related to fatty acids, a family of molecules classified within the lipid macronutrient category. These processes can mainly be divided into (1) catabolic processes that generate energy and (2) anabolic processes where they serve as building blocks for other compounds. In catabolism, fatty acids are metabolized to produce energy, mainly in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
Marine microorganismsMarine microorganisms are defined by their habitat as microorganisms living in a marine environment, that is, in the saltwater of a sea or ocean or the brackish water of a coastal estuary. A microorganism (or microbe) is any microscopic living organism or virus, that is too small to see with the unaided human eye without magnification. Microorganisms are very diverse. They can be single-celled or multicellular and include bacteria, archaea, viruses and most protozoa, as well as some fungi, algae, and animals, such as rotifers and copepods.
Coloration des matières organiques dissoutes dans l'eauOn appelle coloration des matières organiques dissoutes dans l'eau la mesure optique de l'absorption de la lumière par ces matières. On utilise parfois l'expression de « substance jaune », le mot allemand « gelbstoff » et l'acronyme anglais CDOM () pour décrire les composés responsables de ce phénomène. Cette coloration jaune verdâtre provient des tannins produits par la décomposition des matières organiques.
Microbial metabolismMicrobial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe's ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.
