Plasma parametersPlasma parameters define various characteristics of a plasma, an electrically conductive collection of charged particles that responds collectively to electromagnetic forces. Plasma typically takes the form of neutral gas-like clouds or charged ion beams, but may also include dust and grains. The behaviour of such particle systems can be studied statistically. All quantities are in Gaussian (cgs) units except energy and temperature which are in electronvolts.
Space environmentSpace environment is a branch of astronautics, aerospace engineering and space physics that seeks to understand and address conditions existing in space that affect the design and operation of spacecraft. A related subject, space weather, deals with dynamic processes in the solar-terrestrial system that can give rise to effects on spacecraft, but that can also affect the atmosphere, ionosphere and geomagnetic field, giving rise to several other kinds of effects on human technologies.
Géométrie des transformationsEn mathématiques, la géométrie des transformations correspond à l'étude géométrique centrée sur les groupes de transformations géométriques et à leurs propriétés, indépendamment des figures, considérées invariantes. Elle s'oppose de façon claire à la géométrie euclidienne, qui se concentre sur la construction géométrique. Par exemple, dans la géométrie des transformations, les propriétés d'un triangle isocèle sont déduites des symétries internes autour des droites géométriques particulières (hauteurs, bissectrices, médiatrices).
