Alimentation en eau potableL’alimentation en eau potable (sigle : AEP) est l’ensemble des équipements, des services et des actions qui permettent, en partant d’une eau brute, de produire une eau conforme aux normes de potabilité en vigueur, distribuée ensuite aux consommateurs. On considère quatre étapes distinctes dans cette alimentation : prélèvements - captages (eau de surface ou eau souterraine) ; traitement pour potabiliser l'eau ; adduction (transport et stockage) ; distribution au consommateur.
Electrolytic capacitorAn electrolytic capacitor is a polarized capacitor whose anode or positive plate is made of a metal that forms an insulating oxide layer through anodization. This oxide layer acts as the dielectric of the capacitor. A solid, liquid, or gel electrolyte covers the surface of this oxide layer, serving as the cathode or negative plate of the capacitor. Because of their very thin dielectric oxide layer and enlarged anode surface, electrolytic capacitors have a much higher capacitance-voltage (CV) product per unit volume than ceramic capacitors or film capacitors, and so can have large capacitance values.
Electrolytic cellAn electrolytic cell is an electrochemical cell that utilizes an external source of electrical energy to force a chemical reaction that would otherwise not occur. The external energy source is a voltage applied between the cell′s two electrodes; an anode (positively charged electrode) and a cathode (negatively charged electrode), which are immersed in an electrolyte solution. This is in contrast to a galvanic cell, which itself is a source of electrical energy and the foundation of a battery.
Water industryThe water industry provides drinking water and wastewater services (including sewage treatment) to residential, commercial, and industrial sectors of the economy. Typically public utilities operate water supply networks. The water industry does not include manufacturers and suppliers of bottled water, which is part of the beverage production and belongs to the food sector. The water industry includes water engineering, operations, water and wastewater plant construction, equipment supply and specialist water treatment chemicals, among others.
Conductivity (electrolytic)Conductivity (or specific conductance) of an electrolyte solution is a measure of its ability to conduct electricity. The SI unit of conductivity is siemens per meter (S/m). Conductivity measurements are used routinely in many industrial and environmental applications as a fast, inexpensive and reliable way of measuring the ionic content in a solution. For example, the measurement of product conductivity is a typical way to monitor and continuously trend the performance of water purification systems.
Aluminum electrolytic capacitorAluminum electrolytic capacitors are polarized electrolytic capacitors whose anode electrode (+) is made of a pure aluminum foil with an etched surface. The aluminum forms a very thin insulating layer of aluminum oxide by anodization that acts as the dielectric of the capacitor. A non-solid electrolyte covers the rough surface of the oxide layer, serving in principle as the second electrode (cathode) (-) of the capacitor. A second aluminum foil called “cathode foil” contacts the electrolyte and serves as the electrical connection to the negative terminal of the capacitor.
EauL'eau est une substance chimique constituée de molécules . Ce composé, très stable, mais aussi très réactif, est un excellent solvant à l'état liquide. Dans de nombreux contextes, le terme eau est employé au sens restreint d'eau à l'état liquide, ou pour désigner une solution aqueuse diluée (eau douce, eau potable, eau de mer, eau de chaux). L'eau est ubiquitaire sur Terre et dans l'atmosphère, sous ses trois états, solide (glace), liquide et gazeux (vapeur d'eau).
Liaison covalenteUne liaison covalente est une liaison chimique dans laquelle deux atomes se partagent deux électrons (un électron chacun ou deux électrons venant du même atome) d'une de leurs couches externes afin de former un doublet d'électrons liant les deux atomes. C'est une des forces qui produisent l'attraction mutuelle entre atomes. La liaison covalente implique généralement le partage équitable d'une seule paire d'électrons, appelé doublet liant. Chaque atome fournissant un électron, la paire d'électrons est délocalisée entre les deux atomes.
Adoucissement de l'eauthumb|upright=1|Adoucisseur d'eau et tuyauterie associée Ladoucissement de l'eau est un procédé de traitement initialement destiné à réduire la dureté de l'eau (due à la présence de sels de métaux alcalino-terreux : carbonates, sulfates et chlorures de calcium et de magnésium). Cette opération entre parfois dans le cadre de l'épuration physico-chimique de l'eau où elle peut accompagner d’autres modalités de traitement de l'eau (filtration, désinfection, dénitrification, élimination des pesticides) en vue de sa distribution comme eau potable ou pour des usages techniques nécessitant une eau déminéralisée.
Hard waterHard water is water that has high mineral content (in contrast with "soft water"). Hard water is formed when water percolates through deposits of limestone, chalk or gypsum, which are largely made up of calcium and magnesium carbonates, bicarbonates and sulfates. Hard drinking water may have moderate health benefits. It can pose critical problems in industrial settings, where water hardness is monitored to avoid costly breakdowns in boilers, cooling towers, and other equipment that handles water.
