Sex-hormonal agentNOTOC A sex-hormonal agent, also known as a sex-hormone receptor modulator, is a type of hormonal agent which specifically modulates the effects of sex hormones and of their biological targets, the sex hormone receptors. The sex hormones include androgens such as testosterone, estrogens such as estradiol, and progestogens such as progesterone. Sex-hormonal agents may be either steroidal or nonsteroidal in chemical structure and may serve to either enhance, inhibit, or have mixed effects on the function of the sex hormone systems.
Menstrual disorderA menstrual disorder is characterized as any abnormal condition with regards to a woman's menstrual cycle. There are many different types of menstrual disorders that vary with signs and symptoms, including pain during menstruation, heavy bleeding, or absence of menstruation. Normal variations can occur in menstrual patterns but generally menstrual disorders can also include periods that come sooner than 21 days apart, more than 3 months apart, or last more than 10 days in duration.
Coupe menstruelleUne coupe menstruelle ou coupelle menstruelle est un appareil de protection hygiénique féminine utilisé lors des menstruations. Constitué d'une petite coupe en forme d'entonnoir aux bords arrondis et terminée le plus souvent par une petite tige, ce dispositif est le plus souvent composé de silicone médical. Placée à l'intérieur du vagin pour recueillir le sang, la coupe menstruelle se conserve jusqu'à quatre heures en place en fait, avant de devoir être vidée, rincée puis réinsérée.
Menstruationthumb|alt=Morceau de papier hygiénique comportant du sang menstruel à la couleur vive.|Du sang menstruel humain et frais sur un papier hygiénique. La menstruation, couramment appelée les règles, est l'écoulement périodique et temporaire par le vagin d'un mélange composé de sang, de sécrétions vaginales, et de cellules de la paroi utérine. Ce phénomène est retrouvé chez l'être humain ainsi que chez certaines autres espèces animales.
AndrogèneAndrogène est le terme générique pour tout composé naturel ou synthétique, généralement une hormone stéroïdienne, qui stimule ou contrôle le développement et le maintien des caractères mâles chez les vertébrés en se liant aux récepteurs androgènes. Cela englobe aussi l’activité des organes sexuels mâles secondaires et le développement des caractères sexuels secondaires. Les androgènes, qui ont été découverts en 1936, sont également appelés « hormones androgènes ». Les androgènes comportent également les stéroïdes anabolisants d’origine.
Releasing and inhibiting hormonesReleasing hormones and inhibiting hormones are hormones whose main purpose is to control the release of other hormones, either by stimulating or inhibiting their release. They are also called liberins (ˈlɪbərᵻnz) and statins (ˈstætᵻnz) (respectively), or releasing factors and inhibiting factors. The principal examples are hypothalamic-pituitary hormones that can be classified from several viewpoints: they are hypothalamic hormones (originating in the hypothalamus), they are hypophysiotropic hormones (affecting the hypophysis, that is, the pituitary gland), and they are tropic hormones (having other endocrine glands as their target).
Membrane androgen receptorMembrane androgen receptors (mARs) are a group of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) which bind and are activated by testosterone and/or other androgens. Unlike the androgen receptor (AR), a nuclear receptor which mediates its effects via genomic mechanisms, mARs are cell surface receptors which rapidly alter cell signaling via modulation of intracellular signaling cascades. Known or proposed mARs include ZIP9 and GPRC6A. GPRC6A has been found to be involved in testicular function and prostate cancer.
Progesterone (medication)Progesterone (P4) is a medication and naturally occurring steroid hormone. It is a progestogen and is used in combination with estrogens mainly in hormone therapy for menopausal symptoms and low sex hormone levels in women. It is also used in women to support pregnancy and fertility and to treat gynecological disorders. Progesterone can be taken by mouth, vaginally, and by injection into muscle or fat, among other routes. A progesterone vaginal ring and progesterone intrauterine device used for birth control also exist in some areas of the world.
High-dose estrogen therapyHigh-dose estrogen therapy (HDE) is a type of hormone therapy in which high doses of estrogens are given. When given in combination with a high dose of progestogen, it has been referred to as pseudopregnancy. It is called this because the estrogen and progestogen levels achieved are in the range of the very high levels of these hormones that occur during pregnancy. HDE and pseudopregnancy have been used in medicine for a number of hormone-dependent indications, such as breast cancer, prostate cancer, and endometriosis, among others.
Breast reductionReduction mammoplasty (also breast reduction and reduction mammaplasty) is the plastic surgery procedure for reducing the size of large breasts. In a breast reduction surgery for re-establishing a functional bust that is proportionate to the woman's body, the critical corrective consideration is the tissue viability of the nipple–areola complex (NAC), to ensure the functional sensitivity and lactational capability of the breasts.
