Cell cycle checkpointCell cycle checkpoints are control mechanisms in the eukaryotic cell cycle which ensure its proper progression. Each checkpoint serves as a potential termination point along the cell cycle, during which the conditions of the cell are assessed, with progression through the various phases of the cell cycle occurring only when favorable conditions are met. There are many checkpoints in the cell cycle, but the three major ones are: the G1 checkpoint, also known as the Start or restriction checkpoint or Major Checkpoint; the G2/M checkpoint; and the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, also known as the spindle checkpoint.
Olfactory receptor neuronAn olfactory receptor neuron (ORN), also called an olfactory sensory neuron (OSN), is a sensory neuron within the olfactory system. Humans have between 10 and 20 million olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). In vertebrates, ORNs are bipolar neurons with dendrites facing the external surface of the cribriform plate with axons that pass through the cribriform foramina with terminal end at olfactory bulbs. The ORNs are located in the olfactory epithelium in the nasal cavity.
Éminence ganglionnaireL'éminence ganglionnaire (EG) est une structure transitoire dans le développement du système nerveux qui guide la migration des cellules et des axones. Elle est présente dans les stades embryonnaires et fœtaux du développement neural que l'on trouve entre le thalamus et le noyau caudé. L'éminence est divisée en trois régions de la zone ventriculaire ventrale du télencéphale (une éminence latérale, médiale et caudale), où elles facilitent la migration cellulaire tangentielle au cours du développement embryonnaire.
Olfactory systemThe olfactory system, or sense of smell, is the sensory system used for smelling (olfaction). Olfaction is one of the special senses, that have directly associated specific organs. Most mammals and reptiles have a main olfactory system and an accessory olfactory system. The main olfactory system detects airborne substances, while the accessory system senses fluid-phase stimuli. The senses of smell and taste (gustatory system) are often referred to together as the chemosensory system, because they both give the brain information about the chemical composition of objects through a process called transduction.
Nerf olfactifvignette|Le nerf olfactif en jaune. Le nerf olfactif (I) est le premier nerf crânien, bien que cette catégorisation soit contestée puisqu'il est un prolongement du système nerveux central. Son rôle, uniquement sensoriel, est de véhiculer l'odorat. Il dérive de la embryonnaire et est constitué de neurones récepteurs olfactifs. Chez l'humain, le nerf olfactif prend naissance au niveau de la muqueuse olfactive dans la partie antérosupérieure de la cavité nasale.
Radial glial cellRadial glial cells, or radial glial progenitor cells (RGPs), are bipolar-shaped progenitor cells that are responsible for producing all of the neurons in the cerebral cortex. RGPs also produce certain lineages of glia, including astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Their cell bodies (somata) reside in the embryonic ventricular zone, which lies next to the developing ventricular system. During development, newborn neurons use radial glia as scaffolds, traveling along the radial glial fibers in order to reach their final destinations.
Voie de signalisation Notchvignette|N1 dll4 cells. La voie de signalisation Notch est une cascade de signalisation conservée chez tous les métazoaires. Elle doit son nom au gène Notch, qui code le premier élément de la cascade, le récepteur transmembranaire Notch. La voie de signalisation Notch va permettre de déterminer le lignage d'une cellule. C'est une grande protéine encastrée dans la membrane et qui va être clivée pour ensuite s'intégrer dans une autre protéine, Delta. Le peptide restant de Notch est encore clivé et va aller dans le noyau pour réguler l'expression de certains gènes.
Olfactory ensheathing cellOlfactory ensheathing cells (OECs), also known as olfactory ensheathing glia or olfactory ensheathing glial cells, are a type of macroglia (radial glia) found in the nervous system. They are also known as olfactory Schwann cells, because they ensheath the non-myelinated axons of olfactory neurons in a similar way to which Schwann cells ensheath non-myelinated peripheral neurons. They also share the property of assisting axonal regeneration. OECs are capable of phagocytosing axonal debris in vivo, and in vitro they phagocytose bacteria.
Hearing lossHearing loss is a partial or total inability to hear. Hearing loss may be present at birth or acquired at any time afterwards. Hearing loss may occur in one or both ears. In children, hearing problems can affect the ability to acquire spoken language, and in adults it can create difficulties with social interaction and at work. Hearing loss can be temporary or permanent. Hearing loss related to age usually affects both ears and is due to cochlear hair cell loss. In some people, particularly older people, hearing loss can result in loneliness.
Olfactionvignette| L'odorat des canidés est réputé être l'un des meilleurs parmi les mammifères. C'est une des raisons qui expliquent qu'ils ont été très utilisés comme chien de chasse, de garde ou de sauveteur. L'olfaction ou l'odorat est le sens qui permet d'analyser les substances chimiques volatiles (odeurs) présentes dans l’air.
