Eradication of sufferingThe eradication or abolition of suffering is the concept of using biotechnology to create a permanent absence of involuntary pain and suffering in all sentient beings. The discovery of modern anesthesia in the 19th century was an early breakthrough in the elimination of pain during surgery, but acceptance was not universal. Some medical practitioners at the time believed that anesthesia was an artificial and harmful intervention in the body's natural response to injury.
Physique numériqueLa physique numérique (ou parfois physique informatique) est l'étude et l'implémentation d'algorithmes numériques dans le but de résoudre des problèmes physiques pour lesquels une théorie existe déjà. Elle est souvent considérée comme une sous-discipline de la physique théorique mais certains la considèrent comme une branche intermédiaire entre la physique théorique et la physique expérimentale. En général, les physiciens définissent un système et son évolution grâce à des formules mathématiques précises.
Éthique centrée sur la souffranceL'éthique centrée sur la souffrance est l'ensemble des positions éthiques qui donnent une priorité à la réduction de la souffrance, de préférence à la promotion du plaisir, du bonheur ou d'autres choses humainement enviables. Les éthiques ainsi centrées varient selon la place qu'elles donnent aux souffrances considérées comme évitables et leur réduction plus ou moins exclusive.
AnosognosieL’anosognosie est un trouble neuropsychologique qui fait qu'un patient atteint d'une maladie ou d'un handicap ne semble pas avoir conscience de sa condition. À l'inverse du déni, qui est un mécanisme de défense psychologique « normal », cette méconnaissance par l’individu de sa maladie est pathologique et peut refléter une atteinte de certaines aires cérébrales. Elle est présente particulièrement dans certains types d'accidents vasculaires cérébraux, dans le syndrome de Korsakoff, durant l'évolution de certaines maladies neurodégénératives ou encore dans certains troubles psychiatriques tels que la psychose.
Diagramme de fluxFlow diagram is a collective term for a diagram representing a flow or set of dynamic relationships in a system. The term flow diagram is also used as a synonym for flowchart, and sometimes as a counterpart of the flowchart. Flow diagrams are used to structure and order a complex system, or to reveal the underlying structure of the elements and their interaction. The term flow diagram is used in theory and practice in different meanings. Most commonly the flow chart and flow diagram are used in an interchangeable way in the meaning of a representation of a process.
History of neuroimagingThe first neuroimaging technique ever is the so-called 'human circulation balance' invented by Angelo Mosso in the 1880s and able to non-invasively measure the redistribution of blood during emotional and intellectual activity. Then, in the early 1900s, a technique called pneumoencephalography was set. This process involved draining the cerebrospinal fluid from around the brain and replacing it with air, altering the relative density of the brain and its surroundings, to cause it to show up better on an x-ray, and it was considered to be incredibly unsafe for patients (Beaumont 8).
Functional electrical stimulationFunctional electrical stimulation (FES) is a technique that uses low-energy electrical pulses to artificially generate body movements in individuals who have been paralyzed due to injury to the central nervous system. More specifically, FES can be used to generate muscle contraction in otherwise paralyzed limbs to produce functions such as grasping, walking, bladder voiding and standing. This technology was originally used to develop neuroprostheses that were implemented to permanently substitute impaired functions in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI), head injury, stroke and other neurological disorders.
Rehabilitation roboticsRehabilitation robotics is a field of research dedicated to understanding and augmenting rehabilitation through the application of robotic devices. Rehabilitation robotics includes development of robotic devices tailored for assisting different sensorimotor functions(e.g. arm, hand, leg, ankle), development of different schemes of assisting therapeutic training, and assessment of sensorimotor performance (ability to move) of patient; here, robots are used mainly as therapy aids instead of assistive devices.
John Stuart MillJohn Stuart Mill, né le à Londres et mort le à Avignon, est un philosophe, logicien et économiste britannique. Penseur libéral parmi les plus influents du , il est un partisan de l'utilitarisme, une théorie éthique préalablement exposée par Jeremy Bentham, dont Mill propose sa compréhension personnelle. En économie, il est l'un des derniers représentants de l'école classique. Précurseur du féminisme, Mill propose en outre un système de logique qui opère la transition entre l'empirisme du et la logique contemporaine.
DermatopathologyDermatopathology (from Greek δέρμα, derma 'skin' + πάθος, pathos 'fate, harm' + -λογία, -logia 'study of') is a joint subspecialty of dermatology and pathology or surgical pathology that focuses on the study of cutaneous diseases at a microscopic and molecular level. It also encompasses analyses of the potential causes of skin diseases at a basic level. Dermatopathologists work in close association with clinical dermatologists, with many possessing further clinical training in dermatology.
