Placebo-controlled studyPlacebo-controlled studies are a way of testing a medical therapy in which, in addition to a group of subjects that receives the treatment to be evaluated, a separate control group receives a sham "placebo" treatment which is specifically designed to have no real effect. Placebos are most commonly used in blinded trials, where subjects do not know whether they are receiving real or placebo treatment. Often, there is also a further "natural history" group that does not receive any treatment at all.
Association américaine de psychiatrieL'Association américaine de psychiatrie, AAP, (American Psychiatric Association, sigle : APA) est une société savante et professionnelle américaine de psychiatrie. L'Association américaine de psychiatrie st la plus grande association de psychiatres américaine, elle compte environ de en 2022. Ses membres sont spécialisés en diagnostics, traitements, préventions et recherches des maladies mentales causées par de différents facteurs. L'association édite plusieurs revues et ouvrages multimédias incluant les domaines de la psychiatrie, la santé mentale et des sciences comportementales.
NeurotechnologieLa neurotechnologie désigne toute technologie ayant une influence fondamentale sur la manière dont sont compris le cerveau et ses fonctions supérieures, les différents aspects de la conscience et de la pensée. Elle inclut également les technologies visant à réparer, voire améliorer le fonctionnement du cerveau ainsi que celles qui permettent aux chercheurs et cliniciens de visualiser le cerveau. Aujourd'hui, la neurotechnologie est en cours de développement.
ElectroanalgesiaElectroanalgesia is a form of analgesia, or pain relief, that uses electricity to ease pain. Electrical devices can be internal or external, at the site of pain (local) or delocalized throughout the whole body. It works by interfering with the electric currents of pain signals, inhibiting them from reaching the brain and inducing a response; different from traditional analgesics, such as opiates which mimic natural endorphins and NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) that help relieve inflammation and stop pain at the source.
Hierarchy of evidenceA hierarchy of evidence, comprising levels of evidence (LOEs), that is, evidence levels (ELs), is a heuristic used to rank the relative strength of results obtained from experimental research, especially medical research. There is broad agreement on the relative strength of large-scale, epidemiological studies. More than 80 different hierarchies have been proposed for assessing medical evidence. The design of the study (such as a case report for an individual patient or a blinded randomized controlled trial) and the endpoints measured (such as survival or quality of life) affect the strength of the evidence.
Algie vasculaire de la faceL'algie vasculaire de la face (AVF) est un syndrome caractérisé par la répétition de douleurs du visage, typiquement à proximité d'un œil, accompagnées de signes locaux variables, et non évocatrices d'autres causes. Il s'agit d'une affection rare, touchant majoritairement l'homme adulte jeune. Les douleurs sont parfois rapportées par les patients comme les plus intenses qu'ils aient connues, et peuvent être accompagnées de pensées suicidaires. Certains facteurs tels que la consommation d'alcool ou un sommeil irrégulier peuvent favoriser les crises.
DysesthésieDysesthesia is an unpleasant, abnormal sense of touch. Its etymology comes from the Greek word "dys," meaning "bad," and "aesthesis," which means "sensation" (abnormal sensation). It often presents as pain but may also present as an inappropriate, but not discomforting, sensation. It is caused by lesions of the nervous system, peripheral or central, and it involves sensations, whether spontaneous or evoked, such as burning, wetness, itching, electric shock, and pins and needles.
Medication overuse headacheA medication overuse headache (MOH), also known as a rebound headache, usually occurs when painkillers are taken frequently to relieve headaches. These cases are often referred to as painkiller headaches. Rebound headaches frequently occur daily, can be very painful and are a common cause of chronic daily headache. They typically occur in patients with an underlying headache disorder such as migraine or tension-type headache that "transforms" over time from an episodic condition to chronic daily headache due to excessive intake of acute headache relief medications.
Patient-reported outcomeA patient-reported outcome (PRO) is a health outcome directly reported by the patient who experienced it. It stands in contrast to an outcome reported by someone else, such as a physician-reported outcome, a nurse-reported outcome, and so on. PRO methods, such as questionnaires, are used in clinical trials or other clinical settings, to help better understand a treatment's efficacy or effectiveness. The use of digitized PROs, or electronic patient-reported outcomes (ePROs), is on the rise in today's health research setting.
Clinical researchClinical research is a branch of healthcare science that determines the safety and effectiveness (efficacy) of medications, devices, diagnostic products and treatment regimens intended for human use. These may be used for prevention, treatment, diagnosis or for relieving symptoms of a disease. Clinical research is different from clinical practice. In clinical practice established treatments are used, while in clinical research evidence is collected to establish a treatment.
