Procédé HaberLe procédé Haber est un procédé chimique servant à la synthèse de l'ammoniac (NH3) par hydrogénation du diazote (N2) gazeux atmosphérique par le dihydrogène () gazeux en présence d'un catalyseur. C'est en 1909 que le chimiste allemand Fritz Haber parvint à mettre au point ce procédé. Une équipe de recherche de la société BASF mit au point, en 1913, la première application industrielle du procédé Haber : c'est le procédé Haber-Bosch.
Surface chargeA surface charge is an electric charge present on a two-dimensional surface. These electric charges are constrained on this 2-D surface, and surface charge density, measured in coulombs per square meter (C•m−2), is used to describe the charge distribution on the surface. The electric potential is continuous across a surface charge and the electric field is discontinuous, but not infinite; this is unless the surface charge consists of a dipole layer. In comparison, the potential and electric field both diverge at any point charge or linear charge.
Sodium adsorption ratioThe sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) is an irrigation water quality parameter used in the management of sodium-affected soils. It is an indicator of the suitability of water for use in agricultural irrigation, as determined from the concentrations of the main alkaline and earth alkaline cations present in the water. It is also a standard diagnostic parameter for the sodicity hazard of a soil, as determined from analysis of pore water extracted from the soil.
Collective action problemA collective action problem or social dilemma is a situation in which all individuals would be better off cooperating but fail to do so because of conflicting interests between individuals that discourage joint action. The collective action problem has been addressed in political philosophy for centuries, but was most clearly established in 1965 in Mancur Olson's The Logic of Collective Action. Problems arise when too many group members choose to pursue individual profit and immediate satisfaction rather than behave in the group's best long-term interests.
Dicalcium phosphateDicalcium phosphate is the calcium phosphate with the formula CaHPO4 and its dihydrate. The "di" prefix in the common name arises because the formation of the HPO42– anion involves the removal of two protons from phosphoric acid, H3PO4. It is also known as dibasic calcium phosphate or calcium monohydrogen phosphate. Dicalcium phosphate is used as a food additive, it is found in some toothpastes as a polishing agent and is a biomaterial.
SuperorganismeUn superorganisme est un organisme composé de nombreux individus. C'est en général une unité d'animaux eusociaux, où la division du travail est hautement spécialisée et où les individus isolés ne sont pas aptes à vivre par eux-mêmes sur de longues périodes. Les insectes sociaux comme les fourmis ou les abeilles sont l'exemple le plus connu de superorganisme, mais on peut appliquer ce concept à d'autres communautés d'individus ou d'espèces. La théorie du superorganisme a notamment des applications en cybernétique.
