CytosqueletteLe cytosquelette d'une cellule est l'ensemble organisé des polymères biologiques qui lui confèrent l'essentiel de ses propriétés architecturales et mécaniques.
Amniotic stem cellsAmniotic stem cells are the mixture of stem cells that can be obtained from the amniotic fluid as well as the amniotic membrane. They can develop into various tissue types including skin, cartilage, cardiac tissue, nerves, muscle, and bone. The cells also have potential medical applications, especially in organ regeneration. The stem cells are usually extracted from the amniotic sac by amniocentesis which occurs without harming the embryos.
Stem-cell lineA stem cell line is a group of stem cells that is cultured in vitro and can be propagated indefinitely. Stem cell lines are derived from either animal or human tissues and come from one of three sources: embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, or induced stem cells. They are commonly used in research and regenerative medicine. Stem cell By definition, stem cells possess two properties: (1) they can self-renew, which means that they can divide indefinitely while remaining in an undifferentiated state; and (2) they are pluripotent or multipotent, which means that they can differentiate to form specialized cell types.
Stem cell controversyThe stem cell controversy is the consideration of the ethics of research involving the development and use of human embryos. Most commonly, this controversy focuses on embryonic stem cells. Not all stem cell research involves human embryos. For example, adult stem cells, amniotic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells do not involve creating, using, or destroying human embryos, and thus are minimally, if at all, controversial.
Biologie cellulairethumb|Détection de filaments d'actine dans des cellules animales (immunofluorescence) La biologie cellulaire (anciennement appelée cytologie) est une discipline scientifique qui étudie les cellules, du point de vue structural et fonctionnel, et les utilise pour des applications en biotechnologie. Elle s'intéresse à l'écosystème cellulaire, c'est-à-dire à l'équilibre dynamique et autorégulé des fonctions cellulaires, dans un contexte normal ou perturbé.
Débat sur les organismes génétiquement modifiésLes organismes génétiquement modifiés (OGM) provoquent de nombreux débats qui sont sortis des mondes agricole, économique et scientifique pour toucher les sphères politique, philosophique, médiatique et juridique. Les débats sur les OGM concernent trois thèmes principaux : le bien-fondé des modifications génétiques par l'être humain les processus utilisés pour créer et expérimenter des OGM l'utilité et les risques dans leur domaine d'application Les OGM sont source de grandes divergences d’opinion, qui conduisent à une absence de consensus au sein des opinions publiques nationales ; les craintes sur les risques sanitaires qu'ils pourraient générer et sur une éventuelle atteinte à la biodiversité entrent en conflit avec les avantages mis en avant des OGM.
Cycle cellulairevignette|335x335px|Cycle cellulaire d'une cellule eucaryote (car présence de la mitose) Le cycle cellulaire est l'ensemble des étapes qui constituent et délimitent la vie d'une cellule. Ce cycle est composé de plusieurs phases de croissance dans lesquelles la cellule grossit et duplique son matériel génétique (interphase) et d'une phase où celle-ci se divise (mitose) pour donner naissance à deux cellules filles identiques (dans le cas de la mitose). Les cellules filles reproduiront ce cycle, et ainsi de suite.
Protein splicingProtein splicing is an intramolecular reaction of a particular protein in which an internal protein segment (called an intein) is removed from a precursor protein with a ligation of C-terminal and N-terminal external proteins (called exteins) on both sides. The splicing junction of the precursor protein is mainly a cysteine or a serine, which are amino acids containing a nucleophilic side chain. The protein splicing reactions which are known now do not require exogenous cofactors or energy sources such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) or guanosine triphosphate (GTP).
Aliment génétiquement modifiéGenetically modified foods (GM foods), also known as genetically engineered foods (GE foods), or bioengineered foods are foods produced from organisms that have had changes introduced into their DNA using various methods of genetic engineering. Genetic engineering techniques allow for the introduction of new traits as well as greater control over traits when compared to previous methods, such as selective breeding and mutation breeding.
Asymmetric cell divisionAn asymmetric cell division produces two daughter cells with different cellular fates. This is in contrast to symmetric cell divisions which give rise to daughter cells of equivalent fates. Notably, stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to two distinct daughter cells: one copy of the original stem cell as well as a second daughter programmed to differentiate into a non-stem cell fate. (In times of growth or regeneration, stem cells can also divide symmetrically, to produce two identical copies of the original cell.
