Compression artifactA compression artifact (or artefact) is a noticeable distortion of media (including , audio, and video) caused by the application of lossy compression. Lossy data compression involves discarding some of the media's data so that it becomes small enough to be stored within the desired or transmitted (streamed) within the available bandwidth (known as the data rate or bit rate). If the compressor cannot store enough data in the compressed version, the result is a loss of quality, or introduction of artifacts.
Numerical methods for partial differential equationsNumerical methods for partial differential equations is the branch of numerical analysis that studies the numerical solution of partial differential equations (PDEs). In principle, specialized methods for hyperbolic, parabolic or elliptic partial differential equations exist. Finite difference method In this method, functions are represented by their values at certain grid points and derivatives are approximated through differences in these values.
Audio coding formatAn audio coding format (or sometimes audio compression format) is a content representation format for storage or transmission of digital audio (such as in digital television, digital radio and in audio and video files). Examples of audio coding formats include MP3, AAC, Vorbis, FLAC, and Opus. A specific software or hardware implementation capable of audio compression and decompression to/from a specific audio coding format is called an audio codec; an example of an audio codec is LAME, which is one of several different codecs which implements encoding and decoding audio in the MP3 audio coding format in software.
Probabilistic numericsProbabilistic numerics is an active field of study at the intersection of applied mathematics, statistics, and machine learning centering on the concept of uncertainty in computation. In probabilistic numerics, tasks in numerical analysis such as finding numerical solutions for integration, linear algebra, optimization and simulation and differential equations are seen as problems of statistical, probabilistic, or Bayesian inference.
Transparency (data compression)In data compression and psychoacoustics, transparency is the result of lossy data compression accurate enough that the compressed result is perceptually indistinguishable from the uncompressed input, i.e. perceptually lossless. A transparency threshold is a given value at which transparency is reached. It is commonly used to describe compressed data bitrates. For example, the transparency threshold for MP3 to linear PCM audio is said to be between 175 and 245 kbit/s, at 44.
Compression d'imageLa compression d'image est une application de la compression de données sur des . Cette compression a pour utilité de réduire la redondance des données d'une image afin de pouvoir l'emmagasiner sans occuper beaucoup d'espace ou la transmettre rapidement. La compression d'image peut être effectuée avec perte de données ou sans perte. La compression sans perte est souvent préférée là où la netteté des traits est primordiale : schémas, dessins techniques, icônes, bandes dessinées.
Generation lossGeneration loss is the loss of quality between subsequent copies or transcodes of data. Anything that reduces the quality of the representation when copying, and would cause further reduction in quality on making a copy of the copy, can be considered a form of generation loss. File size increases are a common result of generation loss, as the introduction of artifacts may actually increase the entropy of the data through each generation.
Fibre optiqueUne fibre optique est un fil dont l’âme, très fine et faite de verre ou de plastique, a la propriété de conduire la lumière et sert pour la fibroscopie, l'éclairage ou la transmission de données numériques. Elle offre un débit d'information nettement supérieur à celui des câbles coaxiaux et peut servir de support à un réseau « large bande » par lequel transitent aussi bien la télévision, le téléphone, la visioconférence ou les données informatiques.
Numerical linear algebraNumerical linear algebra, sometimes called applied linear algebra, is the study of how matrix operations can be used to create computer algorithms which efficiently and accurately provide approximate answers to questions in continuous mathematics. It is a subfield of numerical analysis, and a type of linear algebra. Computers use floating-point arithmetic and cannot exactly represent irrational data, so when a computer algorithm is applied to a matrix of data, it can sometimes increase the difference between a number stored in the computer and the true number that it is an approximation of.
Dérivation numériqueEn analyse numérique, les algorithmes de dérivation numérique évaluent la dérivée d'une fonction mathématique ou d'un sous-programme de fonction en utilisant les valeurs de la fonction et peut-être d'autres propriétés connues sur la fonction. droite|255x255px La méthode la plus simple consiste à utiliser des approximations de différences finies. Une simple estimation à deux points consiste à calculer la pente d'une droite sécante proche passant par les points et .
