Projet Génome humainvignette|Le génome humain est constitué de l'ensemble de l'information portée par nos 23 paires de chromosomes. Le (PGH, ou HGP pour l'anglais Human Genome Project) est un programme lancé fin 1988 dont la mission était d'établir le séquençage complet de l'ADN du génome humain. Son achèvement a été annoncé le . Le nouveau projet lancé dans la foulée en , ENCODE (Encyclopedia of DNA Elements), donne des résultats importants sur l'ADN non codant humain.
Human genomeThe human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria. These are usually treated separately as the nuclear genome and the mitochondrial genome. Human genomes include both protein-coding DNA sequences and various types of DNA that does not encode proteins. The latter is a diverse category that includes DNA coding for non-translated RNA, such as that for ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, ribozymes, small nuclear RNAs, and several types of regulatory RNAs.
Spatiotemporal gene expressionSpatiotemporal gene expression is the activation of genes within specific tissues of an organism at specific times during development. Gene activation patterns vary widely in complexity. Some are straightforward and static, such as the pattern of tubulin, which is expressed in all cells at all times in life. Some, on the other hand, are extraordinarily intricate and difficult to predict and model, with expression fluctuating wildly from minute to minute or from cell to cell.
Lamina (biologie)La lamina nucléaire est un maillage fibrillaire dense bordant (côté nucléoplasme) l'enveloppe nucléaire d'une cellule. Il s'agit d'un réseau protéique fibreux, homologue aux filaments intermédiaires qui double la membrane interne de l'enveloppe nucléaire formant une couche de 10 à 20 nm d'épaisseur et interrompue par des pores nucléaires. Ce réseau est composé de polypeptides appelés lamines de 3 types différents : lamine A, lamine B et lamine C. La lamine A et la lamine C sont quasi identiques.
Épidémiologie génétiqueL'épidémiologie génétique est l'étude du rôle des facteurs génétiques dans la détermination de la santé et de la maladie dans les familles et dans les populations ainsi que l'interaction de ces facteurs génétiques avec les facteurs environnementaux. L'épidémiologie génétique cherche à dériver une analyse statistique et quantitative du fonctionnement de la génétique dans de grands groupes. L'utilisation du terme épidémiologie génétique est apparue au milieu des années 1980 comme un nouveau domaine scientifique.
Variabilité génétiqueLa variabilité génétique est soit la présence, soit la génération de différences génétiques. Elle est définie comme « la formation d'individus de génotype différent, ou la présence d'individus génotypiquement différents, contrairement aux différences induites par l'environnement qui, en règle générale, ne provoquent que des changements temporaires et non héréditaires du phénotype ». La variabilité génétique d'une population est importante pour la biodiversité .
Genetic variationGenetic variation is the difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations among the same species. The multiple sources of genetic variation include mutation and genetic recombination. Mutations are the ultimate sources of genetic variation, but other mechanisms, such as genetic drift, contribute to it, as well. Genetic variation can be identified at many levels. Identifying genetic variation is possible from observations of phenotypic variation in either quantitative traits (traits that vary continuously and are coded for by many genes (e.
Reference genomeA reference genome (also known as a reference assembly) is a digital nucleic acid sequence database, assembled by scientists as a representative example of the set of genes in one idealized individual organism of a species. As they are assembled from the sequencing of DNA from a number of individual donors, reference genomes do not accurately represent the set of genes of any single individual organism. Instead a reference provides a haploid mosaic of different DNA sequences from each donor.
Gene expression profilingIn the field of molecular biology, gene expression profiling is the measurement of the activity (the expression) of thousands of genes at once, to create a global picture of cellular function. These profiles can, for example, distinguish between cells that are actively dividing, or show how the cells react to a particular treatment. Many experiments of this sort measure an entire genome simultaneously, that is, every gene present in a particular cell. Several transcriptomics technologies can be used to generate the necessary data to analyse.
Gene expression programmingIn computer programming, gene expression programming (GEP) is an evolutionary algorithm that creates computer programs or models. These computer programs are complex tree structures that learn and adapt by changing their sizes, shapes, and composition, much like a living organism. And like living organisms, the computer programs of GEP are also encoded in simple linear chromosomes of fixed length. Thus, GEP is a genotype–phenotype system, benefiting from a simple genome to keep and transmit the genetic information and a complex phenotype to explore the environment and adapt to it.
