Neurone miroirvignette|Diagramme illustrant la problématique d'une personne amputée d'un bras, qui est remplacé par une image en miroir : le cerveau reçoit une image artificielle du membre fantôme et met en jeu les neurones miroirs. Les neurones miroirs sont une catégorie de neurones du cerveau qui présentent une activité aussi bien lorsqu'un individu exécute une action que lorsqu'il observe un autre individu (en particulier de son espèce) exécuter la même action, ou même lorsqu'il imagine une telle action, d'où le terme miroir.
Neurone formelthumb|Représentation d'un neurone formel (ou logique). Un neurone formel, parfois appelé neurone de McCulloch-Pitts, est une représentation mathématique et informatique d'un neurone biologique. Le neurone formel possède généralement plusieurs entrées et une sortie qui correspondent respectivement aux dendrites et au cône d'émergence du neurone biologique (point de départ de l'axone). Les actions excitatrices et inhibitrices des synapses sont représentées, la plupart du temps, par des coefficients numériques (les poids synaptiques) associés aux entrées.
ChannelrhodopsinChannelrhodopsins are a subfamily of retinylidene proteins (rhodopsins) that function as light-gated ion channels. They serve as sensory photoreceptors in unicellular green algae, controlling phototaxis: movement in response to light. Expressed in cells of other organisms, they enable light to control electrical excitability, intracellular acidity, calcium influx, and other cellular processes (see optogenetics). Channelrhodopsin-1 (ChR1) and Channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) from the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii are the first discovered channelrhodopsins.
PathwidthIn graph theory, a path decomposition of a graph G is, informally, a representation of G as a "thickened" path graph, and the pathwidth of G is a number that measures how much the path was thickened to form G. More formally, a path-decomposition is a sequence of subsets of vertices of G such that the endpoints of each edge appear in one of the subsets and such that each vertex appears in a contiguous subsequence of the subsets, and the pathwidth is one less than the size of the largest set in such a decomposition.
Structure socialeIn the social sciences, social structure is the aggregate of patterned social arrangements in society that are both emergent from and determinant of the actions of individuals. Likewise, society is believed to be grouped into structurally related groups or sets of roles, with different functions, meanings, or purposes. Examples of social structure include family, religion, law, economy, and class. It contrasts with "social system", which refers to the parent structure in which these various structures are embedded.
PredictabilityPredictability is the degree to which a correct prediction or forecast of a system's state can be made, either qualitatively or quantitatively. Causal determinism has a strong relationship with predictability. Perfect predictability implies strict determinism, but lack of predictability does not necessarily imply lack of determinism. Limitations on predictability could be caused by factors such as a lack of information or excessive complexity. In experimental physics, there are always observational errors determining variables such as positions and velocities.
