Immunité cellulaireCell-mediated immunity or cellular immunity is an immune response that does not involve antibodies. Rather, cell-mediated immunity is the activation of phagocytes, antigen-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, and the release of various cytokines in response to an antigen. In the late 19th century Hippocratic tradition medicine system, the immune system was imagined into two branches: humoral immunity, for which the protective function of immunization could be found in the humor (cell-free bodily fluid or serum) and cellular immunity, for which the protective function of immunization was associated with cells.
Laboratoire sur puceUn laboratoire sur puce est un dispositif intégré rassemblant, sur un substrat miniaturisé, une ou plusieurs fonctions de laboratoire. L'analyse du vivant regroupe trois des quatre raisons majeures ayant entraîné le développement de la microfluidique ; elle représente par conséquent une large part des applications. On considère généralement que le premier dispositif microfluidique d'analyse est celui développé par Terry et al. ; ceux-ci réalisent en 1979 un système miniaturisé d'analyse de gaz par chromatographie sur un substrat de silicium.
Mohs surgeryMohs surgery, developed in 1938 by a general surgeon, Frederic E. Mohs, is microscopically controlled surgery used to treat both common and rare types of skin cancer. During the surgery, after each removal of tissue and while the patient waits, the tissue is examined for cancer cells. That examination dictates the decision for additional tissue removal. Mohs surgery is the gold standard method for obtaining complete margin control during removal of a skin cancer (complete circumferential peripheral and deep margin assessment - CCPDMA) using frozen section histology.
Microscope électroniquethumb|Microscope électronique construit par Ernst Ruska en 1933.thumb|Collection de microscopes électroniques anciens (National Museum of Health & Medicine). Un microscope électronique (ME) est un type de microscope qui utilise un faisceau d'électrons pour illuminer un échantillon et en créer une très agrandie. Il est inventé en 1931 par des ingénieurs allemands. Les microscopes électroniques ont un pouvoir de résolution supérieur aux microscopes optiques qui utilisent des rayonnements électromagnétiques visibles.
MicroscopeUn microscope est un instrument scientifique utilisé pour observer des objets trop petits pour être vus à l'œil nu. La microscopie est la science de l'étude de petits objets et structures à l'aide d'un tel instrument. Le microscope est un outil important en biologie, médecine et science des matériaux dès que les facteurs de grossissement d'une loupe se révèlent insuffisants. Les principes physiques utilisés pour l'effet de grossissement peuvent être de nature très différente.
Tumour heterogeneityTumour heterogeneity describes the observation that different tumour cells can show distinct morphological and phenotypic profiles, including cellular morphology, gene expression, metabolism, motility, proliferation, and metastatic potential. This phenomenon occurs both between tumours (inter-tumour heterogeneity) and within tumours (intra-tumour heterogeneity). A minimal level of intra-tumour heterogeneity is a simple consequence of the imperfection of DNA replication: whenever a cell (normal or cancerous) divides, a few mutations are acquired—leading to a diverse population of cancer cells.
Organ-on-a-chipAn organ-on-a-chip (OOC) is a multi-channel 3-D microfluidic cell culture, integrated circuit (chip) that simulates the activities, mechanics and physiological response of an entire organ or an organ system. It constitutes the subject matter of significant biomedical engineering research, more precisely in bio-MEMS. The convergence of labs-on-chips (LOCs) and cell biology has permitted the study of human physiology in an organ-specific context.
Tumeur du sac vitellinvignette|Après La tumeur du sac vitellin est une tumeur peu commune issue des cellules germinales qui reproduisent des structures extra-embryonnaires. Elle correspond à la tumeur maligne la plus fréquemment retrouvée chez l'enfant. Elle est caractérisée par une prolifération tumorale à cellules claires agencée en réseau et peut former des structures végétantes endoluminales. Cette tumeur est rarement bilatérale. Synonyme(s) MeSH : Tumeur du sinus endodermique ; Tumeur vitelline. Tératome Alpha-fœtoprotéine
Treatment of cancerCancer can be treated by surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy (including immunotherapy such as monoclonal antibody therapy) and synthetic lethality, most commonly as a series of separate treatments (e.g. chemotherapy before surgery). The choice of therapy depends upon the location and grade of the tumor and the stage of the disease, as well as the general state of the patient (performance status). Cancer genome sequencing helps in determining which cancer the patient exactly has for determining the best therapy for the cancer.
Paper-based microfluidicsPaper-based microfluidics are microfluidic devices that consist of a series of hydrophilic cellulose or nitrocellulose fibers that transport fluid from an inlet through the porous medium to a desired outlet or region of the device, by means of capillary action. This technology builds on the conventional lateral flow test which is capable of detecting many infectious agents and chemical contaminants. The main advantage of this is that it is largely a passively controlled device unlike more complex microfluidic devices.
