ConvectionLa convection est l'ensemble des mouvements internes (verticaux ou horizontaux) qui animent un fluide et qui impliquent alors le transport des propriétés des particules de ce fluide au cours de son déplacement. Elle peut être due à des différences de température, une agitation mécanique, un pompage etc. Ce transfert implique l'échange de chaleur entre une surface et un fluide mobile à son contact, ou le déplacement de chaleur au sein d'un fluide par le mouvement d'ensemble de ses molécules d'un point à un autre.
Mixed layerThe oceanic or limnological mixed layer is a layer in which active turbulence has homogenized some range of depths. The surface mixed layer is a layer where this turbulence is generated by winds, surface heat fluxes, or processes such as evaporation or sea ice formation which result in an increase in salinity. The atmospheric mixed layer is a zone having nearly constant potential temperature and specific humidity with height. The depth of the atmospheric mixed layer is known as the mixing height.
Planetary boundary layerIn meteorology, the planetary boundary layer (PBL), also known as the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) or peplosphere, is the lowest part of the atmosphere and its behaviour is directly influenced by its contact with a planetary surface. On Earth it usually responds to changes in surface radiative forcing in an hour or less. In this layer physical quantities such as flow velocity, temperature, and moisture display rapid fluctuations (turbulence) and vertical mixing is strong.
Énergie potentielle de convection disponibleL'énergie potentielle de convection disponible (EPCD), en anglais convective available potential energy (CAPE), est l'énergie potentielle par unité de masse qu'a une parcelle d'air plus chaude que son environnement, ce qui se traduit par une poussée d'Archimède ascensionnelle. Cela se produit dès qu'on dépasse le niveau de convection libre de la masse d'air. L'EPCD se mesure en joules par kilogramme (J/kg) ou, ce qui est équivalent mais moins couramment utilisé, en mètres carrés par seconde carrée (m/s).
Diffusion de la matièreLa diffusion de la matière, ou diffusion chimique, désigne la tendance naturelle d'un système à rendre uniforme le potentiel chimique de chacune des espèces chimiques qu'il comporte. La diffusion chimique est un phénomène de transport irréversible qui tend à homogénéiser la composition du milieu. Dans le cas d'un mélange binaire et en l'absence des gradients de température et de pression, la diffusion se fait des régions de plus forte concentration vers les régions de concentration moindre.
Combined forced and natural convectionIn fluid thermodynamics, combined forced convection and natural convection, or mixed convection, occurs when natural convection and forced convection mechanisms act together to transfer heat. This is also defined as situations where both pressure forces and buoyant forces interact. How much each form of convection contributes to the heat transfer is largely determined by the flow, temperature, geometry, and orientation. The nature of the fluid is also influential, since the Grashof number increases in a fluid as temperature increases, but is maximized at some point for a gas.
Convective storm detectionConvective storm detection is the meteorological observation, and short-term prediction, of deep moist convection (DMC). DMC describes atmospheric conditions producing single or clusters of large vertical extension clouds ranging from cumulus congestus to cumulonimbus, the latter producing thunderstorms associated with lightning and thunder. Those two types of clouds can produce severe weather at the surface and aloft.
Convective instabilityIn meteorology, convective instability or stability of an air mass refers to its ability to resist vertical motion. A stable atmosphere makes vertical movement difficult, and small vertical disturbances dampen out and disappear. In an unstable atmosphere, vertical air movements (such as in orographic lifting, where an air mass is displaced upwards as it is blown by wind up the rising slope of a mountain range) tend to become larger, resulting in turbulent airflow and convective activity.
Forced convectionForced convection is a mechanism, or type of transport, in which fluid motion is generated by an external source (like a pump, fan, suction device, etc.). Alongside natural convection, thermal radiation, and thermal conduction it is one of the methods of heat transfer and allows significant amounts of heat energy to be transported very efficiently. This mechanism is found very commonly in everyday life, including central heating, air conditioning, steam turbines, and in many other machines.
Oragevignette|Arcus de type « multicouche » lors d'un orage au-dessus d'Enschede (Pays-Bas). vignette|Orage, Garajau, Madère. Un orage (dérivé à l'aide du suffixe -age de l'ancien français ore, signifiant « vent ») est une perturbation atmosphérique d'origine convective associée à un type de nuage particulier : le cumulonimbus. Ce nuage à grande extension verticale engendre des pluies fortes à diluviennes, des décharges électriques de foudre accompagnées de tonnerre.
