Résumé
In meteorology, convective instability or stability of an air mass refers to its ability to resist vertical motion. A stable atmosphere makes vertical movement difficult, and small vertical disturbances dampen out and disappear. In an unstable atmosphere, vertical air movements (such as in orographic lifting, where an air mass is displaced upwards as it is blown by wind up the rising slope of a mountain range) tend to become larger, resulting in turbulent airflow and convective activity. Instability can lead to significant turbulence, extensive vertical clouds, and severe weather such as thunderstorms. Adiabatic cooling and heating are phenomena of rising or descending air. Rising air expands and cools due to the decrease in air pressure as altitude increases. The opposite is true of descending air; as atmospheric pressure increases, the temperature of descending air increases as it is compressed. Adiabatic heating and adiabatic cooling are terms used to describe this temperature change. The adiabatic lapse rate is the rate at which the temperature of a rising or falling air mass lowers or increases per distance of vertical displacement. The ambient or environmental lapse rate is the temperature change in the (non-displaced) air per vertical distance. Instability results from difference between the adiabatic lapse rate of an air mass and the ambient lapse rate in the atmosphere. If the adiabatic lapse rate is lower than the ambient lapse rate, an air mass displaced upward cools less rapidly than the air in which it is moving. Hence, such an air mass becomes warmer relative to the atmosphere. As warmer air is less dense, such an air mass would tend to continue to rise. Conversely, if the adiabatic lapse rate is higher than the ambient lapse rate, an air mass displaced upward cools more rapidly than the air in which it is moving. Hence, such an airmass becomes cooler relative to the atmosphere. As cooler air is more dense, the rise of such an airmass would tend to be resisted.
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Concepts associés (6)
Atmospheric instability
Atmospheric instability is a condition where the Earth's atmosphere is considered to be unstable and as a result local weather is highly variable through distance and time. Atmospheric stability is a measure of the atmosphere's tendency to discourage vertical motion, and vertical motion is directly correlated to different types of weather systems and their severity. In unstable conditions, a lifted thing, such as a parcel of air will be warmer than the surrounding air. Because it is warmer, it is less dense and is prone to further ascent.
Énergie d'inhibition de la convection
vignette|Diagramme Skew-T avec les caractéristiques importantes étiquetées L'Énergie d'inhibition de la convection (EIC) ou freinage convectif (en anglais, convective inhibition ou CIN) est l'énergie qu'il faut fournir à une parcelle d'air humide pour qu'elle entre en convection libre. Elle se calcule en joules par kilogramme d’air (J/kg) et correspond à l'aire entre la température de l'environnement et l'adiabatique sèche sous le niveau de convection libre dans un diagramme thermodynamique comme le téphigramme.
Prévision des orages violents
La prévision des orages violents est la partie de la météorologie d'exploitation qui tente de prévoir le développement, l'intensité, le type de danger et les zones affectées par les orages pouvant donner de la grosse grêle, des vents destructeurs, des tornades et des pluies torrentielles. La tâche du météorologue est d'appréhender tout d'abord comment se développe un orage violent, puis d'analyser le potentiel actuel et futur de l'orage au-dessus des régions sous sa responsabilité et enfin d’appliquer des techniques diagnostiques et des simulations informatiques pour prévoir leur développement.
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