Scale of temperatureScale of temperature is a methodology of calibrating the physical quantity temperature in metrology. Empirical scales measure temperature in relation to convenient and stable parameters or reference points, such as the freezing and boiling point of water. Absolute temperature is based on thermodynamic principles: using the lowest possible temperature as the zero point, and selecting a convenient incremental unit. Celsius, Kelvin, and Fahrenheit are common temperature scales.
Heat fluxIn physics and engineering, heat flux or thermal flux, sometimes also referred to as heat flux density, heat-flow density or heat flow rate intensity, is a flow of energy per unit area per unit time. Its SI units are watts per square metre (W/m2). It has both a direction and a magnitude, and so it is a vector quantity. To define the heat flux at a certain point in space, one takes the limiting case where the size of the surface becomes infinitesimally small.
Quantum hydrodynamicsIn condensed matter physics, quantum hydrodynamics is most generally the study of hydrodynamic-like systems which demonstrate quantum mechanical behavior. They arise in semiclassical mechanics in the study of metal and semiconductor devices, in which case being derived from the Boltzmann transport equation combined with Wigner quasiprobability distribution. In quantum chemistry they arise as solutions to chemical kinetic systems, in which case they are derived from the Schrödinger equation by way of Madelung equations.
Quasi-momentEn physique du solide, et notamment des matériaux conducteurs, on appelle quasi-moment la quantité de mouvement associée au vecteur d'onde des électrons dans le réseau réciproque d'un réseau cristallin par la formule : où est la constante de Planck réduite. À l'instar de la quantité de mouvement de la mécanique, le quasi-moment est généralement conservé lors des interactions entre particules dans le réseau cristallin, ce qui en fait un outil important pour la modélisation des phénomènes physiques qui s'y déroulent.
