Cellule souche pluripotente induiteLes cellules souches pluripotentes induites (CSPi) (en anglais Induced pluripotent stem cells soit iPS ou iPSCs) sont des cellules souches pluripotentes générées en laboratoire à partir de cellules somatiques. Ces cellules souches induites ont le potentiel de se différencier en n'importe quelle cellule du corps humain et ont donc des applications très variées en thérapie et en recherche biomédicale.
Cellule souche embryonnaireUne cellule souche embryonnaire (CSE) est une cellule souche pluripotente issue de la masse cellulaire interne ou de l'épiblaste d’un embryon préimplantatoire au stade de blastocyste. Un embryon humain atteint le stade de blastocyste 4 à 5 jours après la fécondation et consiste en un amas de 50 à 150 cellules (masse cellulaire interne et trophectoderme). L'isolation de la masse cellulaire interne requiert de détruire le blastocyste. Les cellules souches embryonnaires sont une source quasi parfaite pour les greffes et l'ingénierie tissulaire.
Cellule souche (médecine)Les cellules souches sont des cellules indifférenciées capables de s’autorenouveler et de se différencier en cellules spécialisées. Leur potentiel de différenciation dépend de leur capacité (cellules souches unipotentes, multipotentes ou pluripotentes) et de leur origine (cellules souches fœtales, embryonnaires ou adultes). Les cellules souches ont été décrites dans les années 60 notamment par les chercheurs James Till et Ernest McCulloch.
Stem-cell lineA stem cell line is a group of stem cells that is cultured in vitro and can be propagated indefinitely. Stem cell lines are derived from either animal or human tissues and come from one of three sources: embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells, or induced stem cells. They are commonly used in research and regenerative medicine. Stem cell By definition, stem cells possess two properties: (1) they can self-renew, which means that they can divide indefinitely while remaining in an undifferentiated state; and (2) they are pluripotent or multipotent, which means that they can differentiate to form specialized cell types.
Cellule souchevignette|Cellules souches embryonnaires de souris en culture. En biologie cellulaire, une cellule souche est une cellule indifférenciée capable, à la fois, de générer des cellules spécialisées par différenciation cellulaire et de se maintenir dans l'organisme par division symétrique ou division asymétrique. Les cellules souches sont présentes chez tous les êtres vivants multicellulaires. Elles jouent un rôle central dans le développement des organismes ainsi que dans le maintien de leur intégrité au cours de la vie.
Cell potencyCell potency is a cell's ability to differentiate into other cell types. The more cell types a cell can differentiate into, the greater its potency. Potency is also described as the gene activation potential within a cell, which like a continuum, begins with totipotency to designate a cell with the most differentiation potential, pluripotency, multipotency, oligopotency, and finally unipotency. Totipotency (Lat. totipotentia, "ability for all [things]") is the ability of a single cell to divide and produce all of the differentiated cells in an organism.
Adult stem cellAdult stem cells are undifferentiated cells, found throughout the body after development, that multiply by cell division to replenish dying cells and regenerate damaged tissues. Also known as somatic stem cells (from Greek σωματικóς, meaning of the body), they can be found in juvenile, adult animals, and humans, unlike embryonic stem cells. Scientific interest in adult stem cells is centered around two main characteristics.
Stem cell controversyThe stem cell controversy is the consideration of the ethics of research involving the development and use of human embryos. Most commonly, this controversy focuses on embryonic stem cells. Not all stem cell research involves human embryos. For example, adult stem cells, amniotic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells do not involve creating, using, or destroying human embryos, and thus are minimally, if at all, controversial.
High-content screeningHigh-content screening (HCS), also known as high-content analysis (HCA) or cellomics, is a method that is used in biological research and drug discovery to identify substances such as small molecules, peptides, or RNAi that alter the phenotype of a cell in a desired manner. Hence high content screening is a type of phenotypic screen conducted in cells involving the analysis of whole cells or components of cells with simultaneous readout of several parameters.
Phenotypic screeningPhenotypic screening is a type of screening used in biological research and drug discovery to identify substances such as small molecules, peptides, or RNAi that alter the phenotype of a cell or an organism in a desired manner. Phenotypic screening must be followed up with identification (sometimes referred to as target deconvolution) and validation, often through the use of chemoproteomics, to identify the mechanisms through which a phenotypic hit works. Phenotypic screening historically has been the basis for the discovery of new drugs.
