Apicomplexan life cycleApicomplexans, a group of intracellular parasites, have life cycle stages that allow them to survive the wide variety of environments they are exposed to during their complex life cycle. Each stage in the life cycle of an apicomplexan organism is typified by a cellular variety with a distinct morphology and biochemistry. Not all apicomplexa develop all the following cellular varieties and division methods. This presentation is intended as an outline of a hypothetical generalised apicomplexan organism.
Outer membrane vesiclesOuter membrane vesicles (OMVs) are vesicles released from the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria. While Gram-positive bacteria release vesicles as well those vesicles fall under the broader category of bacterial membrane vesicles (MVs). OMVs were the first MVs to be discovered, and are distinguished from outer inner membrane vesicles (OIMVS), which are gram-negitive baterial vesicles containing portions of both the outer and inner bacterial membrane.
Paludisme aviaireLe paludisme aviaire ou malaria aviaire est une maladie causée par des protozoaires du genre Plasmodium (comme pour le paludisme humain) affectant les oiseaux. Il est causé par plusieurs espèces de Plasmodium comme Plasmodium anasum et Plasmodium gallinaceum mais surtout Plasmodium relictum. Le paludisme aviaire ne provoque pas toujours de maladie chez les oiseaux qui ont co-évolués avec lui. Toutefois, il peut tuer les individus des espèces qui ne sont pas en contact avec celui-ci dans leur environnement.
History of malariaThe history of malaria extends from its prehistoric origin as a zoonotic disease in the primates of Africa through to the 21st century. A widespread and potentially lethal human infectious disease, at its peak malaria infested every continent except Antarctica. Its prevention and treatment have been targeted in science and medicine for hundreds of years. Since the discovery of the Plasmodium parasites which cause it, research attention has focused on their biology as well as that of the mosquitoes which transmit the parasites.
Secretory proteinA secretory protein is any protein, whether it be endocrine or exocrine, which is secreted by a cell. Secretory proteins include many hormones, enzymes, toxins, and antimicrobial peptides. Secretory proteins are synthesized in the endoplasmic reticulum. The production of a secretory protein starts like any other protein. The mRNA is produced and transported to the cytosol where it interacts with a free cytosolic ribosome. The part that is produced first, the N-terminal, contains a signal sequence consisting of 6 to 12 amino acids with hydrophobic side chains.
Vésicule (biologie)En biologie cellulaire, une vésicule cytoplasmique est un organite relativement petit, séparé du cytosol par au moins une bicouche lipidique (similaire à la membrane cytoplasmique). Elle fait partie du cytoplasme, et circule dans le cytosol où elle peut stocker, transporter ou encore digérer des produits et des déchets cellulaires. Les vésicules cytoplasmiques constituent un outil basique permettant à la cellule de gérer son métabolisme.
Membrane vesicle traffickingMembrane vesicle trafficking in eukaryotic animal cells involves movement of biochemical signal molecules from synthesis-and-packaging locations in the Golgi body to specific release locations on the inside of the plasma membrane of the secretory cell. It takes place in the form of Golgi membrane-bound micro-sized vesicles, termed membrane vesicles (MVs). In this process, the packed cellular products are released or secreted outside the cell, across its plasma membrane.
Exocytosethumb|300px|Neurone A (transmetteur) vers neurone B (récepteur)1. Mitochondrie 2. vésicule synaptique avec neurotransmetteurs 3. Autorécepteur 4. Synapse libérant des neurotransmetteurs (sérotonine) 5. Récepteurs postsynaptiques activés par des neurotransmetteurs (induction d'un potentiel postsynaptique ) 6. Canaux calcium 7. Exocytose de vésicules 8. Neurotransmetteur recapturé L'exocytose (du grec -exo "hors de" et de -kutos "cavité, cellule") est le mécanisme par lequel la cellule libère de grandes biomolécules à travers sa membrane.
Vesicle fusionVesicle fusion is the merging of a vesicle with other vesicles or a part of a cell membrane. In the latter case, it is the end stage of secretion from secretory vesicles, where their contents are expelled from the cell through exocytosis. Vesicles can also fuse with other target cell compartments, such as a lysosome. Exocytosis occurs when secretory vesicles transiently dock and fuse at the base of cup-shaped structures at the cell plasma membrane called porosome, the universal secretory machinery in cells.
Vésicule synaptiqueLes vésicules synaptiques sont de petits compartiments des terminaux présynaptiques des neurones, stockant des neurotransmetteurs qui sont susceptibles d'être libérés dans l'espace intersynaptique à la suite de l'arrivée d'un potentiel d'action dépolarisant et l'augmentation des niveaux calciques intracellulaires. Le nombre ou la taille du pool de vésicules synaptiques est variable selon le type de neurones considérés (quelques dizaines pour les petites synapses telles que celles trouvées dans l'hippocampe).
