Fragment-based lead discoveryFragment-based lead discovery (FBLD) also known as fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) is a method used for finding lead compounds as part of the drug discovery process. Fragments are small organic molecules which are small in size and low in molecular weight. It is based on identifying small chemical fragments, which may bind only weakly to the biological target, and then growing them or combining them to produce a lead with a higher affinity. FBLD can be compared with high-throughput screening (HTS).
Exome sequencingExome sequencing, also known as whole exome sequencing (WES), is a genomic technique for sequencing all of the protein-coding regions of genes in a genome (known as the exome). It consists of two steps: the first step is to select only the subset of DNA that encodes proteins. These regions are known as exons—humans have about 180,000 exons, constituting about 1% of the human genome, or approximately 30 million base pairs. The second step is to sequence the exonic DNA using any high-throughput DNA sequencing technology.
Gradient boostingGradient boosting is a machine learning technique used in regression and classification tasks, among others. It gives a prediction model in the form of an ensemble of weak prediction models, i.e., models that make very few assumptions about the data, which are typically simple decision trees. When a decision tree is the weak learner, the resulting algorithm is called gradient-boosted trees; it usually outperforms random forest.
Anticorps antinucléairevignette|Exemple d'un anticorps antinucléaire Les anticorps antinucléaires (ACAN ou AAN) ou facteurs antinucléaires (FAN) (en anglais, anti-nuclear antibody ou ANA) sont des auto-anticorps non spécifiques d'organes, dirigés contre différents éléments du noyau de leurs propres cellules : constituants du noyau cellulaire mais aussi éléments nucléo-protéiques cytoplasmiques issus du noyau. Ils sont présents dans certaines maladies autoimmunes et ont un intérêt dans le diagnostic et le suivi de ces affections.
Residual-current deviceA residual-current device (RCD), residual-current circuit breaker (RCCB) or ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) is an electrical safety device that quickly breaks an electrical circuit with leakage current to ground. It is to protect equipment and to reduce the risk of serious harm from an ongoing electric shock. Injury may still occur in some cases, for example if a human receives a brief shock before the electrical circuit is isolated, falls after receiving a shock, or if the person touches both conductors at the same time.
Immunological memoryImmunological memory is the ability of the immune system to quickly and specifically recognize an antigen that the body has previously encountered and initiate a corresponding immune response. Generally, they are secondary, tertiary and other subsequent immune responses to the same antigen. The adaptive immune system and antigen-specific receptor generation (TCR, antibodies) are responsible for adaptive immune memory. After the inflammatory immune response to danger-associated antigen, some of the antigen-specific T cells and B cells persist in the body and become long-living memory T and B cells.
AdaBoostAdaBoost (ou adaptive boosting) est, en intelligence artificielle et en apprentissage automatique, un méta-algorithme de boosting introduit par Yoav Freund et Robert Schapire. Il peut être utilisé en association avec de nombreux autres types d'algorithmes d'apprentissage afin d'en améliorer les performances. Les sorties des autres algorithmes (appelés classifieurs faibles) sont combinées en une somme pondérée qui représente la sortie finale du classeur boosté.
Embarrassingly parallelIn parallel computing, an embarrassingly parallel workload or problem (also called embarrassingly parallelizable, perfectly parallel, delightfully parallel or pleasingly parallel) is one where little or no effort is needed to separate the problem into a number of parallel tasks. This is often the case where there is little or no dependency or need for communication between those parallel tasks, or for results between them. Thus, these are different from distributed computing problems that need communication between tasks, especially communication of intermediate results.
Protective relayIn electrical engineering, a protective relay is a relay device designed to trip a circuit breaker when a fault is detected. The first protective relays were electromagnetic devices, relying on coils operating on moving parts to provide detection of abnormal operating conditions such as over-current, overvoltage, reverse power flow, over-frequency, and under-frequency. Microprocessor-based solid-state digital protection relays now emulate the original devices, as well as providing types of protection and supervision impractical with electromechanical relays.
Parallélisme (informatique)vignette|upright=1|Un des éléments de Blue Gene L cabinet, un des supercalculateurs massivement parallèles les plus rapides des années 2000. En informatique, le parallélisme consiste à mettre en œuvre des architectures d'électronique numérique permettant de traiter des informations de manière simultanée, ainsi que les algorithmes spécialisés pour celles-ci. Ces techniques ont pour but de réaliser le plus grand nombre d'opérations en un temps le plus petit possible.
