MatièreEn physique, la matière est ce qui compose tout corps (objet ayant une réalité spatiale et massique). C'est-à-dire plus simplement une substance matérielle et donc occupe de l'espace. Les quatre états les plus communs sont l'état solide, l'état liquide, l'état gazeux et l'état plasma. Réciproquement, en physique, tout ce qui a une masse est de la matière. La matière ordinaire qui nous entoure est formée principalement de baryons et constitue la matière baryonique.
GravitationLa gravitation, l'une des quatre interactions fondamentales qui régissent l'Univers, est l' physique responsable de l'attraction des corps massifs. Elle se manifeste notamment par l'attraction terrestre qui nous retient au sol, la gravité, qui est responsable de plusieurs manifestations naturelles; les marées, l'orbite des planètes autour du Soleil, la sphéricité de la plupart des corps célestes en sont quelques exemples. D'une manière plus générale, la structure à grande échelle de l'Univers est déterminée par la gravitation.
Motivated reasoningMotivated reasoning (motivational reasoning bias) is a cognitive and social response in which individuals, consciously or unconsciously, allow emotion-loaded motivational biases to affect how new information is perceived. Individuals tend to favor evidence that coincides with their current beliefs and reject new information that contradicts them, despite contrary evidence. Motivated reasoning overlaps with confirmation bias. Both favor evidence supporting one's beliefs, at the same time dismissing contradictory evidence.
Systemic biasSystemic bias is the inherent tendency of a process to support particular outcomes. The term generally refers to human systems such as institutions. Systemic bias is related to and overlaps conceptually with institutional bias and structural bias, and the terms are often used interchangeably. According to Oxford Reference, institutional bias is "a tendency for the procedures and practices of particular institutions to operate in ways which result in certain social groups being advantaged or favoured and others being disadvantaged or devalued.
Complément de SchurEn algèbre linéaire et plus précisément en théorie des matrices, le complément de Schur est défini comme suit. Soit une matrice de dimension (p+q)×(p+q), où les blocs A, B, C, D sont des matrices de dimensions respectives p×p, p×q, q×p et q×q, avec D inversible. Alors, le complément de Schur du bloc D de la matrice M est constitué par la matrice de dimension p×p suivante : Lorsque B est la transposée de C, la matrice M est symétrique définie positive si et seulement si D et son complément de Schur dans M le sont.
Gram matrixIn linear algebra, the Gram matrix (or Gramian matrix, Gramian) of a set of vectors in an inner product space is the Hermitian matrix of inner products, whose entries are given by the inner product . If the vectors are the columns of matrix then the Gram matrix is in the general case that the vector coordinates are complex numbers, which simplifies to for the case that the vector coordinates are real numbers. An important application is to compute linear independence: a set of vectors are linearly independent if and only if the Gram determinant (the determinant of the Gram matrix) is non-zero.
Affective forecastingAffective forecasting (also known as hedonic forecasting, or the hedonic forecasting mechanism) is the prediction of one's affect (emotional state) in the future. As a process that influences preferences, decisions, and behavior, affective forecasting is studied by both psychologists and economists, with broad applications. In The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), Adam Smith observed the personal challenges, and social benefits, of hedonic forecasting errors: [Consider t]he poor man's son, whom heaven in its anger has visited with ambition, when he begins to look around him, admires the condition of the rich .
