Renal physiologyRenal physiology (Latin rēnēs, "kidneys") is the study of the physiology of the kidney. This encompasses all functions of the kidney, including maintenance of acid-base balance; regulation of fluid balance; regulation of sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes; clearance of toxins; absorption of glucose, amino acids, and other small molecules; regulation of blood pressure; production of various hormones, such as erythropoietin; and activation of vitamin D.
Accident ischémique transitoireUn accident ischémique transitoire (AIT) ou ischémie cérébrale transitoire (ICT) ou ischémie aiguë transitoire (IAT) est une ischémie (baisse de la perfusion sanguine) d'une partie du cerveau, des rétines, ou de la moelle épinière, responsable d'un déficit neurologique transitoire. Le plus souvent, ce phénomène est d'apparition soudaine et régresse en moins d'une heure. La souffrance des cellules touchées est insuffisante pour constituer un infarctus (mort des cellules). De ce fait, l' est normale et il n'y a pas de séquelles.
Brain ischemiaBrain ischemia is a condition in which there is insufficient bloodflow to the brain to meet metabolic demand. This leads to poor oxygen supply or cerebral hypoxia and thus leads to the death of brain tissue or cerebral infarction/ischemic stroke. It is a sub-type of stroke along with subarachnoid hemorrhage and intracerebral hemorrhage. Ischemia leads to alterations in brain metabolism, reduction in metabolic rates, and energy crisis.
Accident vasculaire cérébralUn accident vasculaire cérébral (AVC), anciennement accident cérébrovasculaire (ACV) et populairement appelé attaque cérébrale, infarctus cérébral ou congestion cérébrale (AVC et ACV étant tous deux des terminologies acceptées), est un déficit neurologique soudain d'origine vasculaire causé par un infarctus ou une hémorragie au niveau du cerveau. Le terme souligne l'aspect soudain ou brutal des symptômes, mais dans la plupart des cas les causes de cette affection sont internes (liées à l'âge, l'alimentation ou l'hygiène de vie, notamment).
Head injuryA head injury is any injury that results in trauma to the skull or brain. The terms traumatic brain injury and head injury are often used interchangeably in the medical literature. Because head injuries cover such a broad scope of injuries, there are many causes—including accidents, falls, physical assault, or traffic accidents—that can cause head injuries. The number of new cases is 1.7 million in the United States each year, with about 3% of these incidents leading to death.
Artificial kidneyArtificial kidney is often a synonym for hemodialysis, but may also refer to the other renal replacement therapies (with exclusion of kidney transplantation) that are in use and/or in development. This article deals mainly with bioengineered kidneys/bioartificial kidneys that are grown from renal cell lines/renal tissue. The first successful artificial kidney was developed by Willem Kolff in the Netherlands during the early 1940s: Kolff was the first to construct a working dialyzer in 1943.
Assessment of kidney functionAssessment of kidney function occurs in different ways, using the presence of symptoms and signs, as well as measurements using urine tests, blood tests, and medical imaging. Functions of a healthy kidney include maintaining a person's fluid balance, maintaining an acid-base balance; regulating electrolytes including sodium, potassium, and other electrolytes; clearing toxins; regulating blood pressure; and regulating hormones, such as erythropoietin; and activation of vitamin D.
Lésion cérébraleUne lésion cérébrale est une lésion qui touche le cerveau. En général, il s'agit d'une destruction plus ou moins étendue du tissu nerveux entraînant un déficit dans la perception, la cognition, la sensibilité ou la motricité en fonction du rôle que jouait la région atteinte dans l'architecture neurocognitive. Cette lésion peut être de nature diverse : ischémique, hémorragique, compressive par un processus extensif de type tumoral ou un hématome.
Insuffisance rénale aiguëL’insuffisance rénale aiguë (IRA) est l'état pathologique résultant de la baisse brutale du débit de filtration glomérulaire, d'une rétention des déchets azotés (urée, créatinine), d'une oligurie qui est fréquente mais non obligatoire. Les causes sont nombreuses, et les mécanismes contribuant à l'altération de la fonction rénale sont variables. L'insuffisance rénale aiguë est une urgence diagnostique et thérapeutique.
Renal cell carcinomaRenal cell carcinoma (RCC) is a kidney cancer that originates in the lining of the proximal convoluted tubule, a part of the very small tubes in the kidney that transport primary urine. RCC is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults, responsible for approximately 90–95% of cases. RCC occurrence shows a male predominance over women with a ratio of 1.5:1. RCC most commonly occurs between 6th and 7th decade of life. Initial treatment is most commonly either partial or complete removal of the affected kidney(s).
