Parallélisme (informatique)vignette|upright=1|Un des éléments de Blue Gene L cabinet, un des supercalculateurs massivement parallèles les plus rapides des années 2000. En informatique, le parallélisme consiste à mettre en œuvre des architectures d'électronique numérique permettant de traiter des informations de manière simultanée, ainsi que les algorithmes spécialisés pour celles-ci. Ces techniques ont pour but de réaliser le plus grand nombre d'opérations en un temps le plus petit possible.
Parallel programming modelIn computing, a parallel programming model is an abstraction of parallel computer architecture, with which it is convenient to express algorithms and their composition in programs. The value of a programming model can be judged on its generality: how well a range of different problems can be expressed for a variety of different architectures, and its performance: how efficiently the compiled programs can execute. The implementation of a parallel programming model can take the form of a library invoked from a sequential language, as an extension to an existing language, or as an entirely new language.
LinearizabilityIn concurrent programming, an operation (or set of operations) is linearizable if it consists of an ordered list of invocation and response events, that may be extended by adding response events such that: The extended list can be re-expressed as a sequential history (is serializable). That sequential history is a subset of the original unextended list. Informally, this means that the unmodified list of events is linearizable if and only if its invocations were serializable, but some of the responses of the serial schedule have yet to return.
Cohérence (logique)En logique mathématique, la cohérence, ou consistance, d'une théorie axiomatique peut se définir de deux façons, soit par référence à la déduction : il n'est pas possible de tout démontrer à partir des axiomes de la théorie, soit par référence à la sémantique de la théorie : celle-ci possède des réalisations qui lui donnent un sens. La première définition est syntaxique au sens où elle utilise des déductions ou démonstrations, qui sont des objets finis.
Commitment orderingCommitment ordering (CO) is a class of interoperable serializability techniques in concurrency control of databases, transaction processing, and related applications. It allows optimistic (non-blocking) implementations. With the proliferation of multi-core processors, CO has also been increasingly utilized in concurrent programming, transactional memory, and software transactional memory (STM) to achieve serializability optimistically. CO is also the name of the resulting transaction schedule (history) property, defined in 1988 with the name dynamic atomicity.
Fragment d'OkazakiLes fragments d’Okazaki sont des segments d'acide nucléique qui sont produits lors de la réplication des chromosomes. Leur existence fut mise en évidence pour la première fois en 1968 par et Tsuneko Okazaki ainsi que leurs collègues en étudiant la réplication de la bactérie Escherichia coli. Lors de la réplication, le brin « retardé » est synthétisé de manière discontinue, par petits fragments qui sont ensuite suturés les uns aux autres. Leur longueur est d’environ paires de bases chez Escherichia coli et de 100 à 200 pour les eucaryotes.
Cray-1The Cray-1 was a supercomputer designed, manufactured and marketed by Cray Research. Announced in 1975, the first Cray-1 system was installed at Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1976. Eventually, eighty Cray-1s were sold, making it one of the most successful supercomputers in history. It is perhaps best known for its unique shape, a relatively small C-shaped cabinet with a ring of benches around the outside covering the power supplies and the cooling system. The Cray-1 was the first supercomputer to successfully implement the vector processor design.
Centre de donnéesvignette|Centre de traitement de données. Un centre de données (en anglais data center ou data centre), ou centre informatique est un lieu (et un service) où sont regroupés les équipements constituants d'un système d'information (ordinateurs centraux, serveurs, baies de stockage, équipements réseaux et de télécommunications). Ce regroupement permet de faciliter la sécurisation, la gestion (notamment l'exécution de calculs et le refroidissement) et la maintenance des équipements et des données stockées.
Shard (database architecture)A database shard, or simply a shard, is a horizontal partition of data in a database or search engine. Each shard is held on a separate database server instance, to spread load. Some data within a database remains present in all shards, but some appear only in a single shard. Each shard (or server) acts as the single source for this subset of data. Horizontal partitioning is a database design principle whereby rows of a database table are held separately, rather than being split into columns (which is what normalization and vertical partitioning do, to differing extents).
Read–modify–writeIn computer science, read–modify–write is a class of atomic operations (such as test-and-set, fetch-and-add, and compare-and-swap) that both read a memory location and write a new value into it simultaneously, either with a completely new value or some function of the previous value. These operations prevent race conditions in multi-threaded applications. Typically they are used to implement mutexes or semaphores. These atomic operations are also heavily used in non-blocking synchronization.
