Enjeux du réchauffement climatiqueCet article examine les enjeux du réchauffement climatique. En 1824, le physicien français Joseph Fourier découvre le phénomène de l'effet de serre et son effet sur le bilan thermique de la Terre. En 1896, Svante Arrhenius publie un article décrivant le phénomène, et proposant une prédiction de l'élévation de la température atmosphérique en cas de doublement de la concentration en . Dans les années 1980, cette question refait surface à l'échelle mondiale, avec la création du GIEC en 1988.
Freshwater ecosystemFreshwater ecosystems are a subset of Earth's aquatic ecosystems. They include lakes, ponds, rivers, streams, springs, bogs, and wetlands. They can be contrasted with marine ecosystems, which have a larger salt content. Freshwater habitats can be classified by different factors, including temperature, light penetration, nutrients, and vegetation. There are three basic types of freshwater ecosystems: Lentic (slow moving water, including pools, ponds, and lakes), lotic (faster moving water, for example streams and rivers) and wetlands (areas where the soil is saturated or inundated for at least part of the time).
AutotrophAn autotroph is an organism that produces complex organic compounds (such as carbohydrates, fats, and proteins) using carbon from simple substances such as carbon dioxide, generally using energy from light (photosynthesis) or inorganic chemical reactions (chemosynthesis). They convert an abiotic source of energy (e.g. light) into energy stored in organic compounds, which can be used by other organisms (e.g. heterotrophs).
Ecosystem respirationEcosystem respiration is the sum of all respiration occurring by the living organisms in a specific ecosystem. The two main processes that contribute to ecosystem respiration are photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Photosynthesis uses carbon-dioxide and water, in the presence of sunlight to produce glucose and oxygen whereas cellular respiration uses glucose and oxygen to produce carbon-dioxide, water, and energy.
Rétroaction carbone du solvignette|359x359px| Carte montrant l'étendue et les types de pergélisol dans l'hémisphère nord La rétroaction carbone des sols concerne les émissions de carbone des sols en réponse au réchauffement climatique. Cette réponse sous le changement climatique est une réponse positive au changement climatique. Il y a environ deux ou trois fois plus de carbone dans les sols globaux que dans l'atmosphère terrestre, ce qui rend la compréhension de cette rétroaction cruciale pour comprendre le futur changement climatique.
Fishing down the food webFishing down the food web is the process whereby fisheries in a given ecosystem, "having depleted the large predatory fish on top of the food web, turn to increasingly smaller species, finally ending up with previously spurned small fish and invertebrates". The process was first demonstrated by the fisheries scientist Daniel Pauly and others in an article published in the journal Science in 1998. Large predator fish with higher trophic levels have been depleted in wild fisheries.
