Dilatation thermiqueLa dilatation thermique est l'expansion à pression constante du volume d'un corps occasionné par son réchauffement, généralement imperceptible. Dans le cas d'un gaz, il y a dilatation à pression constante ou maintien du volume et augmentation de la pression lorsque la température augmente. À l'opposé de la dilatation, un refroidissement provoque une contraction thermique. Dans un solide, les atomes possèdent une énergie thermique et vibrent autour de leur position moyenne.
MétamatériauEn physique, en électromagnétisme, le terme métamatériau désigne un matériau composite artificiel qui présente des propriétés électromagnétiques qu'on ne retrouve pas dans un matériau naturel. Il s'agit en général de structures périodiques, diélectriques ou métalliques, qui se comportent comme un matériau homogène n'existant pas à l'état naturel. Il existe plusieurs types de métamatériaux en électromagnétisme, les plus connus étant ceux susceptibles de présenter à la fois une permittivité et une perméabilité négatives.
Science des matériauxLa science des matériaux repose sur la relation entre les propriétés, la morphologie structurale et la mise en œuvre des matériaux qui constituent les objets qui nous entourent (métaux, polymères, semi-conducteurs, céramiques, composites, etc.). Elle se focalise sur l'étude des principales caractéristiques des matériaux, ainsi que leurs propriétés mécaniques, chimiques, électriques, thermiques, optiques et magnétiques. La science des matériaux est au cœur de beaucoup des grandes révolutions techniques.
Laserthumb|250px|Lasers rouges (660 & ), verts (532 & ) et bleus (445 & ). thumb|250px|Rayon laser à travers un dispositif optique. thumb|250px|Démonstration de laser hélium-néon au laboratoire Kastler-Brossel à l'Université Pierre-et-Marie-Curie. Un laser (acronyme issu de l'anglais light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation qui signifie « amplification de la lumière par émission stimulée de radiation ») est un système photonique.
Metamaterial cloakingMetamaterial cloaking is the usage of metamaterials in an invisibility cloak. This is accomplished by manipulating the paths traversed by light through a novel optical material. Metamaterials direct and control the propagation and transmission of specified parts of the light spectrum and demonstrate the potential to render an object seemingly invisible. Metamaterial cloaking, based on transformation optics, describes the process of shielding something from view by controlling electromagnetic radiation.
Photonic metamaterialA photonic metamaterial (PM), also known as an optical metamaterial, is a type of electromagnetic metamaterial, that interacts with light, covering terahertz (THz), infrared (IR) or visible wavelengths. The materials employ a periodic, cellular structure. The subwavelength periodicity distinguishes photonic metamaterials from photonic band gap or photonic crystal structures. The cells are on a scale that is magnitudes larger than the atom, yet much smaller than the radiated wavelength, are on the order of nanometers.
Metamaterial antennaMetamaterial antennas are a class of antennas which use metamaterials to increase performance of miniaturized (electrically small) antenna systems. Their purpose, as with any electromagnetic antenna, is to launch energy into free space. However, this class of antenna incorporates metamaterials, which are materials engineered with novel, often microscopic, structures to produce unusual physical properties. Antenna designs incorporating metamaterials can step-up the antenna's radiated power.
Ultrashort pulseIn optics, an ultrashort pulse, also known as an ultrafast event, is an electromagnetic pulse whose time duration is of the order of a picosecond (10−12 second) or less. Such pulses have a broadband optical spectrum, and can be created by mode-locked oscillators. Amplification of ultrashort pulses almost always requires the technique of chirped pulse amplification, in order to avoid damage to the gain medium of the amplifier. They are characterized by a high peak intensity (or more correctly, irradiance) that usually leads to nonlinear interactions in various materials, including air.
Nonlinear metamaterialA nonlinear metamaterial is an artificially constructed material that can exhibit properties not yet found in nature. Its response to electromagnetic radiation can be characterized by its permittivity and material permeability. The product of the permittivity and permeability results in the refractive index. Unlike natural materials, nonlinear metamaterials can produce a negative refractive index. These can also produce a more pronounced nonlinear response than naturally occurring materials.
Pulsed laserPulsed operation of lasers refers to any laser not classified as continuous wave, so that the optical power appears in pulses of some duration at some repetition rate. This encompasses a wide range of technologies addressing a number of different motivations. Some lasers are pulsed simply because they cannot be run in continuous mode. In other cases the application requires the production of pulses having as large an energy as possible.
