Length measurementLength measurement, distance measurement, or range measurement (ranging) refers to the many ways in which length, distance, or range can be measured. The most commonly used approaches are the rulers, followed by transit-time methods and the interferometer methods based upon the speed of light. For objects such as crystals and diffraction gratings, diffraction is used with X-rays and electron beams. Measurement techniques for three-dimensional structures very small in every dimension use specialized instruments such as ion microscopy coupled with intensive computer modeling.
Lumière collimatéeUne lumière collimatée est une lumière dont les rayonnements sont quasiment parallèles et se déploient lentement quand ils se propagent. Le mot est relatif à « colinéaire » et implique une lumière qui ne se disperse pas avec la distance (idéalement), ou qui sera très peu dispersée (dans la réalité). Un faisceau parfaitement collimaté, sans divergence, ne peut pas être créé à cause du principe de diffraction, mais la lumière ne peut qu'être approximativement collimatée par certains processus, par exemple au moyen d'un collimateur.
Optical engineeringOptical engineering is the field of science and engineering encompassing the physical phenomena and technologies associated with the generation, transmission, manipulation, detection, and utilization of light. Optical engineers use optics to solve problems and to design and build devices that make light do something useful. They design and operate optical equipment that uses the properties of light using physics and chemistry, such as lenses, microscopes, telescopes, lasers, sensors, fiber optic communication systems and optical disc systems (e.
Optical sortingOptical sorting (sometimes called digital sorting) is the automated process of sorting solid products using cameras and/or lasers. Depending on the types of sensors used and the software-driven intelligence of the system, optical sorters can recognize an object's color, size, shape, structural properties and chemical composition. The sorter compares objects to user-defined accept/reject criteria to identify and remove defective products and foreign material (FM) from the production line, or to separate product of different grades or types of materials.
Loi de Stefan-Boltzmannvignette|Graphe de la puissance émise par unité de surface par un corps noir en fonction de sa température thermodynamique . En bleu, l'approximation selon la loi de Wien, La loi de Stefan ou de Stefan-Boltzmann (du nom des physiciens Jožef Stefan et Ludwig Boltzmann) définit la relation entre le rayonnement thermique et la température d'un objet considéré comme un corps noir.
Sakuma–Hattori equationIn physics, the Sakuma–Hattori equation is a mathematical model for predicting the amount of thermal radiation, radiometric flux or radiometric power emitted from a perfect blackbody or received by a thermal radiation detector. The Sakuma–Hattori equation was first proposed by Fumihiro Sakuma, Akira Ono and Susumu Hattori in 1982. In 1996, a study investigated the usefulness of various forms of the Sakuma–Hattori equation. This study showed the Planckian form to provide the best fit for most applications.
Écho lumineuxvignette|Le rayon lumineux B parvient à l'observateur après le rayon A mais avant le rayon C, alors que le point de réflexion de B semble légèrement plus éloignée de la source que le point de réflexion de C. En astronomie, un écho lumineux est un phénomène analogue à l'écho sonore résultant de la réflexion d'un rayon lumineux sur le milieu interstellaire parvenant à l'observateur avec un temps de retard sur la source lumineuse dont ce rayon est issu.
Collimateurthumb|Exemple de collimateur optique : le faisceau incident divergent ressort en un faisceau collimaté (rayons parallèles). Un collimateur est un dispositif optique permettant d'obtenir un faisceau de rayons de lumière parallèles à partir d'une source de lumière. Ce mot vient du latin collimatio (« ajuster ou viser en ligne droite ») qui désigne l'action d'orienter un instrument de visée. Pour un objet lumineux considéré comme ponctuel, il peut être réalisé en plaçant une lentille convergente de telle sorte que la source de lumière soit au foyer principal objet de la lentille.
Pattern languageA pattern language is an organized and coherent set of patterns, each of which describes a problem and the core of a solution that can be used in many ways within a specific field of expertise. The term was coined by architect Christopher Alexander and popularized by his 1977 book A Pattern Language. A pattern language can also be an attempt to express the deeper wisdom of what brings aliveness within a particular field of human endeavor, through a set of interconnected patterns.
Stray lightStray light is light in an optical system, which was not intended in the design. The light may be from the intended source, but follow paths other than intended, or it may be from a source other than the intended source. This light will often set a working limit on the dynamic range of the system; it limits the signal-to-noise ratio or contrast ratio, by limiting how dark the system can be. Ocular straylight is stray light in the human eye.
