Seismic intensity scalesSeismic intensity scales categorize the intensity or severity of ground shaking (quaking) at a given location, such as resulting from an earthquake. They are distinguished from seismic magnitude scales, which measure the magnitude or overall strength of an earthquake, which may, or perhaps may not, cause perceptible shaking. Intensity scales are based on the observed effects of the shaking, such as the degree to which people or animals were alarmed, and the extent and severity of damage to different kinds of structures or natural features.
Parkfield earthquakeParkfield earthquake is a name given to various large earthquakes that occurred in the vicinity of the town of Parkfield, California, United States. The San Andreas fault runs through this town, and six successive magnitude 6 earthquakes occurred on the fault at unusually regular intervals, between 12 and 32 years apart (with an average of every 22 years), between 1857 and 1966. The most recent significant earthquake to occur here happened on September 28, 2004.
Seismic analysisSeismic analysis is a subset of structural analysis and is the calculation of the response of a building (or nonbuilding) structure to earthquakes. It is part of the process of structural design, earthquake engineering or structural assessment and retrofit (see structural engineering) in regions where earthquakes are prevalent. As seen in the figure, a building has the potential to 'wave' back and forth during an earthquake (or even a severe wind storm). This is called the 'fundamental mode', and is the lowest frequency of building response.
Earthquake-resistant structuresEarthquake-resistant or aseismic structures are designed to protect buildings to some or greater extent from earthquakes. While no structure can be entirely impervious to earthquake damage, the goal of earthquake engineering is to erect structures that fare better during seismic activity than their conventional counterparts. According to building codes, earthquake-resistant structures are intended to withstand the largest earthquake of a certain probability that is likely to occur at their location.
Structural loadA structural load or structural action is a force, deformation, or acceleration applied to structural elements. A load causes stress, deformation, and displacement in a structure. Structural analysis, a discipline in engineering, analyzes the effects of loads on structures and structural elements. Excess load may cause structural failure, so this should be considered and controlled during the design of a structure. Particular mechanical structures—such as aircraft, satellites, rockets, space stations, ships, and submarines—are subject to their own particular structural loads and actions.
Prestressed concretePrestressed concrete is a form of concrete used in construction. It is substantially "prestressed" (compressed) during production, in a manner that strengthens it against tensile forces which will exist when in service. This compression is produced by the tensioning of high-strength "tendons" located within or adjacent to the concrete and is done to improve the performance of the concrete in service. Tendons may consist of single wires, multi-wire strands or threaded bars that are most commonly made from high-tensile steels, carbon fiber or aramid fiber.
Murailles de ConstantinopleLes murailles de Constantinople sont une série de remparts défensifs qui entourent et protègent la cité de Constantinople (aujourd'hui Istanbul en Turquie) depuis sa fondation par Constantin comme la nouvelle capitale de l'Empire romain. Au travers de divers ajouts et modifications tout au long de son histoire, elles sont le dernier grand système de fortification de l'Antiquité et l'un des systèmes défensifs les plus complexes et les plus élaborés qui aient existé.
Precast concretePrecast concrete is a construction product produced by casting concrete in a reusable mold or "form" which is then cured in a controlled environment, transported to the construction site and maneuvered into place; examples include precast beams, and wall panels for tilt up construction. In contrast, cast-in-place concrete is poured into site-specific forms and cured on site. Recently lightweight expanded polystyrene foam is being used as the cores of precast wall panels, saving weight and increasing thermal insulation.
Sismologiethumb|Station sismologique Basse-Terre au sommet du morne Mazeau en Guadeloupe. La sismologie ou séismologie (ce dernier est un anglicisme de seismology) est une discipline scientifique qui étudie les séismes (tremblements de terre) et la propagation des ondes élastiques (dites ondes sismiques) à l'intérieur de la Terre. La sismologie moderne utilise les concepts de la mécanique newtonienne appliqués à la connaissance de la Terre.
Séismevignette|upright=1.5|Carte de la répartition mondiale des séismes en 2010, montrant leur distribution essentiellement le long des frontières des grandes plaques tectoniques (dorsales dans les océans, ceinture de feu du Pacifique et ceinture alpine sur les continents). Un séisme ou tremblement de terre est une secousse du sol résultant de la libération brusque d'énergie accumulée par les contraintes exercées sur les roches. Cette libération d'énergie se fait par rupture le long d'une faille, généralement préexistante.
