Adressage des protéinesDans une cellule, la localisation d'une protéine est essentielle à son bon fonctionnement. Or le lieu de production d'une protéine est souvent différent de son lieu d'action. L'adressage est l'ensemble des mécanismes qui permettent à une protéine d'être dirigée vers la bonne position. Les ARNm sont sujet à un adressage. Günter Blobel, biologiste moléculaire germano-américain, a obtenu le Prix Nobel de physiologie ou médecine en 1999 pour ses travaux sur la NLS (nuclear localisation signal), une séquence en acides aminés permettant aux protéines qui la portent d'être importée dans le noyau grâce à des importines.
ProtideProteins are essential nutrients for the human body. They are one of the building blocks of body tissue and can also serve as a fuel source. As a fuel, proteins provide as much energy density as carbohydrates: 4 kcal (17 kJ) per gram; in contrast, lipids provide 9 kcal (37 kJ) per gram. The most important aspect and defining characteristic of protein from a nutritional standpoint is its amino acid composition. Proteins are polymer chains made of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds.
Respiratory arrestRespiratory arrest is a medical condition caused by apnea or respiratory dysfunction severe enough that it will not sustain the body (such as agonal breathing). Prolonged apnea refers to a patient who has stopped breathing for a long period of time. If the heart muscle contraction is intact, the condition is known as respiratory arrest. An abrupt stop of pulmonary gas exchange lasting for more than five minutes may permanently damage vital organs, especially the brain. Lack of oxygen to the brain causes loss of consciousness.
VacuoleLa vacuole est un organite présent dans la cellule végétale, les pollens, les cellules fongiques et plus généralement toutes les cellules des différentes lignées d’eucaryotes photosynthétiques et dans certaines cellules animales. Les vacuoles sont des compartiments délimités par une membrane (tonoplaste), remplis d'eau et contenant diverses molécules inorganiques et organiques telles que des enzymes. La vacuole n'a pas de forme ou de taille particulière, sa structure variant en fonction des besoins de la cellule.
Purine metabolismPurine metabolism refers to the metabolic pathways to synthesize and break down purines that are present in many organisms. Purines are biologically synthesized as nucleotides and in particular as ribotides, i.e. bases attached to ribose 5-phosphate. Both adenine and guanine are derived from the nucleotide inosine monophosphate (IMP), which is the first compound in the pathway to have a completely formed purine ring system. Inosine monophosphate is synthesized on a pre-existing ribose-phosphate through a complex pathway (as shown in the figure on the right).
Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransféraseHypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT) is an enzyme encoded in humans by the HPRT1 gene. HGPRT is a transferase that catalyzes conversion of hypoxanthine to inosine monophosphate and guanine to guanosine monophosphate. This reaction transfers the 5-phosphoribosyl group from 5-phosphoribosyl 1-pyrophosphate (PRPP) to the purine. HGPRT plays a central role in the generation of purine nucleotides through the purine salvage pathway.
