Cancer du poumonvignette|upright=1|Représentation en coupe tridimensionnelle par tomodensitométrie d'un poumon présentant une tumeur. vignette|upright=1|Radiographie de face du thorax montrant un probable cancer du poumon (taches claires sur le côté externe de chaque poumon). Les expressions cancer du poumon et cancer bronchique désignent au sens strict une tumeur maligne du poumon, et par extension les carcinomes pulmonaires, qui regroupent les tumeurs malignes épithéliales du poumon.
Apprentissage actifL’apprentissage actif est un modèle d’apprentissage semi-supervisé où un oracle intervient au cours du processus. Plus précisément, contrairement au cadre classique où les données sont connues et imposées, en apprentissage actif, c'est l'algorithme d'apprentissage qui demande des informations pour des données précises. Cette technique repose sur l'hypothèse que l’acquisition de données non étiquetées est beaucoup moins coûteuse que celle de données étiquetées.
Recherche en oncologieLa recherche en cancérologie, ou recherche en oncologie, est l'effort scientifique intense fait depuis quelques décennies pour identifier ou comprendre les causes et co-facteurs de développement du cancer (cancérogenèse). Elle comprend des actions de recherche fondamentale et des actions de recherche appliquée. En France, les acteurs de la recherche clinique académique en cancérologie sont notamment organisés en de multiples sociétés savantes et intergroupes coopérateurs.
Exome sequencingExome sequencing, also known as whole exome sequencing (WES), is a genomic technique for sequencing all of the protein-coding regions of genes in a genome (known as the exome). It consists of two steps: the first step is to select only the subset of DNA that encodes proteins. These regions are known as exons—humans have about 180,000 exons, constituting about 1% of the human genome, or approximately 30 million base pairs. The second step is to sequence the exonic DNA using any high-throughput DNA sequencing technology.
Séquençage shotgunEn génétique, le séquençage shotgun (littéralement séquençage "fusil de chasse") est une méthode utilisée pour séquencer des brins d'ADN aléatoires. On l'appelle ainsi par analogie avec le modèle de tir quasi-aléatoire en pleine expansion d'un fusil de chasse : cette métaphore illustre le caractère aléatoire de la fragmentation initiale de l'ADN génomique où l'on "arrose" tout le génome, un peu comme se dispersent les plombs de ce type d'arme à feu.
Hereditary cancer syndromeA hereditary cancer syndrome (familial/family cancer syndrome, inherited cancer syndrome, cancer predisposition syndrome, cancer syndrome, etc.) is a genetic disorder in which inherited genetic mutations in one or more genes predispose the affected individuals to the development of cancer and may also cause early onset of these cancers. Hereditary cancer syndromes often show not only a high lifetime risk of developing cancer, but also the development of multiple independent primary tumors.
Treatment of cancerCancer can be treated by surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy (including immunotherapy such as monoclonal antibody therapy) and synthetic lethality, most commonly as a series of separate treatments (e.g. chemotherapy before surgery). The choice of therapy depends upon the location and grade of the tumor and the stage of the disease, as well as the general state of the patient (performance status). Cancer genome sequencing helps in determining which cancer the patient exactly has for determining the best therapy for the cancer.
Sanger sequencingSanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing that involves electrophoresis and is based on the random incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication. After first being developed by Frederick Sanger and colleagues in 1977, it became the most widely used sequencing method for approximately 40 years. It was first commercialized by Applied Biosystems in 1986. More recently, higher volume Sanger sequencing has been replaced by next generation sequencing methods, especially for large-scale, automated genome analyses.
Automated machine learningAutomated machine learning (AutoML) is the process of automating the tasks of applying machine learning to real-world problems. AutoML potentially includes every stage from beginning with a raw dataset to building a machine learning model ready for deployment. AutoML was proposed as an artificial intelligence-based solution to the growing challenge of applying machine learning. The high degree of automation in AutoML aims to allow non-experts to make use of machine learning models and techniques without requiring them to become experts in machine learning.
Whole genome sequencingWhole genome sequencing (WGS), also known as full genome sequencing, complete genome sequencing, or entire genome sequencing, is the process of determining the entirety, or nearly the entirety, of the DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time. This entails sequencing all of an organism's chromosomal DNA as well as DNA contained in the mitochondria and, for plants, in the chloroplast. Whole genome sequencing has largely been used as a research tool, but was being introduced to clinics in 2014.
