Matrix splittingIn the mathematical discipline of numerical linear algebra, a matrix splitting is an expression which represents a given matrix as a sum or difference of matrices. Many iterative methods (for example, for systems of differential equations) depend upon the direct solution of matrix equations involving matrices more general than tridiagonal matrices. These matrix equations can often be solved directly and efficiently when written as a matrix splitting. The technique was devised by Richard S. Varga in 1960.
Pile à combustible à oxyde solideLes piles à combustibles à oxydes solides (ou SOFC selon l'acronyme anglais de Solid oxide fuel cells) sont prévues essentiellement pour les applications stationnaires avec une puissance de sortie allant de 1 kW à 2 MW. Elles fonctionnent à très hautes températures, typiquement entre et (723 et 1273 K). Leurs rejets gazeux peuvent être utilisés pour alimenter une turbine à gaz secondaire afin d'accroître le rendement électrique.
Real-time business intelligenceReal-time business intelligence (RTBI) is a concept describing the process of delivering business intelligence (BI) or information about business operations as they occur. Real time means near to zero latency and access to information whenever it is required. The speed of today's processing systems has allowed typical data warehousing to work in real-time. The result is real-time business intelligence. Business transactions as they occur are fed to a real-time BI system that maintains the current state of the enterprise.
Surrogate modelA surrogate model is an engineering method used when an outcome of interest cannot be easily measured or computed, so an approximate mathematical model of the outcome is used instead. Most engineering design problems require experiments and/or simulations to evaluate design objective and constraint functions as a function of design variables. For example, in order to find the optimal airfoil shape for an aircraft wing, an engineer simulates the airflow around the wing for different shape variables (length, curvature, material, .
Memory management (operating systems)In operating systems, memory management is the function responsible for managing the computer's primary memory. The memory management function keeps track of the status of each memory location, either allocated or free. It determines how memory is allocated among competing processes, deciding which gets memory, when they receive it, and how much they are allowed. When memory is allocated it determines which memory locations will be assigned. It tracks when memory is freed or unallocated and updates the status.
Disaster recoveryDisaster recovery is the process of maintaining or reestablishing vital infrastructure and systems following a natural or human-induced disaster, such as a storm or battle. It employs policies, tools, and procedures. Disaster recovery focuses on information technology (IT) or technology systems supporting critical business functions as opposed to business continuity. This involves keeping all essential aspects of a business functioning despite significant disruptive events; it can therefore be considered a subset of business continuity.
Plan de continuité d'activitéLe plan de continuité des affaires ou plan de continuité d’activité (PCA) est à la fois le nom d’un concept, d’une procédure et du document qui la décrit. C'est l'un des éléments de la gestion de crise. Il permet à une entreprise de fonctionner a minima même en situation de désastre, en mode dégradé, ou en situation de crise majeure ou mineure (ex : inondation, tsunami, tremblement de terre, pandémie, catastrophe technologique, coupure d'électricité, d'eau ou d'internet, etc.).
Compromis temps-mémoireLes compromis temps-mémoire sont utilisés en cryptanalyse pour récupérer des clés à partir de leur trace chiffrée, en s'appuyant sur des tables précalculées. Cette méthode a été formalisée par Martin Hellman dans son article « A cryptanalytic time-memory trade-off » publié en 1980. Comme son nom le suggère, cette méthode probabiliste se trouve à mi-chemin entre : une recherche exhaustive à la demande (demandant un temps excessif) ; et un stockage complet préalable de toutes les solutions possibles en mémoire par un annuaire inverse (demandant une capacité de stockage irréaliste).
Space mappingThe space mapping methodology for modeling and design optimization of engineering systems was first discovered by John Bandler in 1993. It uses relevant existing knowledge to speed up model generation and design optimization of a system. The knowledge is updated with new validation information from the system when available. The space mapping methodology employs a "quasi-global" formulation that intelligently links companion "coarse" (ideal or low-fidelity) and "fine" (practical or high-fidelity) models of different complexities.
