Consumer behaviourConsumer behaviour is the study of individuals, groups, or organisations and all the activities associated with the purchase, use and disposal of goods and services. Consumer behaviour consists of how the consumer's emotions, attitudes, and preferences affect buying behaviour. Consumer behaviour emerged in the 1940–1950s as a distinct sub-discipline of marketing, but has become an interdisciplinary social science that blends elements from psychology, sociology, social anthropology, anthropology, ethnography, ethnology, marketing, and economics (especially behavioural economics).
Guerre biologiquethumb|Symbole international de contamination biologique. La guerre biologique, parfois appelée, à tort, guerre bactériologique, est l'utilisation en tant qu'arme biologique des propriétés nocives de certains micro-organismes ou de certaines toxines. Elle est destinée à invalider ou tuer un adversaire. La guerre biologique est proscrite par l'ONU parce qu'une attaque réussie pourrait vraisemblablement engendrer des milliers, des millions, voire des milliards de morts et qu'elle pourrait détruire des sociétés et des marchés économiques.
ÉthologieL'éthologie est l'étude scientifique du comportement des espèces animales, y compris l'humain, dans leur milieu naturel ou dans un environnement expérimental, par des méthodes scientifiques d'observation et de quantification des comportements animaux. Aristote étudie déjà le comportement animal avant que le terme « éthologie » ne soit défini par le naturaliste Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire en 1854. Des scientifiques tels que Charles Darwin, Oskar August Heinroth, Jean-Henri Fabre, Charles Otis Whitman, Jakob von Uexküll marquent l'étude du comportement animal en biologie.
Bayesian approaches to brain functionBayesian approaches to brain function investigate the capacity of the nervous system to operate in situations of uncertainty in a fashion that is close to the optimal prescribed by Bayesian statistics. This term is used in behavioural sciences and neuroscience and studies associated with this term often strive to explain the brain's cognitive abilities based on statistical principles. It is frequently assumed that the nervous system maintains internal probabilistic models that are updated by neural processing of sensory information using methods approximating those of Bayesian probability.
Soviet biological weapons programThe Soviet Union covertly operated the world's largest, longest, and most sophisticated biological weapons program, thereby violating its obligations as a party to the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention. The program began in the 1920s and lasted until at least September 1992 but has possibly been continued by Russia after that. During World War II, Joseph Stalin was forced to move his biological warfare (BW) operations out of the way of advancing German forces and may have used tularemia against German troops in 1942 near Stalingrad.
Aid effectivenessAid effectiveness is the degree of success or failure of international aid (development aid or humanitarian aid). Concern with aid effectiveness might be at a high level of generality (whether aid on average fulfils the main functions that aid is supposed to have), or it might be more detailed (considering relative degrees of success between different types of aid in differing circumstances). Questions of aid effectiveness have been highly contested by academics, commentators and practitioners: there is a large literature on the subject.
