Transmission electron cryomicroscopyTransmission electron cryomicroscopy (CryoTEM), commonly known as cryo-EM, is a form of cryogenic electron microscopy, more specifically a type of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) where the sample is studied at cryogenic temperatures (generally liquid-nitrogen temperatures). Cryo-EM is gaining popularity in structural biology. The utility of transmission electron cryomicroscopy stems from the fact that it allows the observation of specimens that have not been stained or fixed in any way, showing them in their native environment.
Capteur photographiqueUn capteur photographique est un composant électronique photosensible servant à convertir un rayonnement électromagnétique (UV, visible ou IR) en un signal électrique analogique. Ce signal est ensuite amplifié, puis numérisé par un convertisseur analogique-numérique et enfin traité pour obtenir une . Le capteur est donc le composant de base des appareils photo et des caméras numériques, l'équivalent du film (ou pellicule) en photographie argentique.
Théorie de l'éther de LorentzLa théorie de l'éther de Lorentz (également connue sous les appellations de « nouvelle mécanique », « électrodynamique de Lorentz », « théorie des électrons de Lorentz », « théorie de la relativité de Lorentz-Poincaré », en anglais : Lorentz ether theory, abrégé en LET) est le point final du développement du modèle de l'éther luminifère, milieu dans lequel des ondes lumineuses se propagent comme des ondes se propagent sur l’eau ou comme les ondes sonores dans la matière.
History of Lorentz transformationsThe history of Lorentz transformations comprises the development of linear transformations forming the Lorentz group or Poincaré group preserving the Lorentz interval and the Minkowski inner product . In mathematics, transformations equivalent to what was later known as Lorentz transformations in various dimensions were discussed in the 19th century in relation to the theory of quadratic forms, hyperbolic geometry, Möbius geometry, and sphere geometry, which is connected to the fact that the group of motions in hyperbolic space, the Möbius group or projective special linear group, and the Laguerre group are isomorphic to the Lorentz group.
Tube de camérathumb|250px|Tube vidicon (2/3 pouce de diamètre). Un tube de capture, ou tube de prise de vue était un type de tube cathodique utilisé pour capter les images télévisées avant l'introduction des dispositifs à transfert de charges (CCD) dans les années 1980. Plusieurs types de tubes ont été utilisés entre les années 1930 et 1980. Plusieurs technologies se sont succédé mais dans tous les cas, le principe de fonctionnement est l'inverse de celui des écrans à tube cathodique.
Image resolutionImage resolution is the level of detail an holds. The term applies to digital images, film images, and other types of images. "Higher resolution" means more image detail. Image resolution can be measured in various ways. Resolution quantifies how close lines can be to each other and still be visibly resolved. Resolution units can be tied to physical sizes (e.g. lines per mm, lines per inch), to the overall size of a picture (lines per picture height, also known simply as lines, TV lines, or TVL), or to angular subtense.
Transformations de LorentzCet article présente les transformations de Lorentz sous un aspect technique. Le lecteur désireux d'obtenir des informations physiques plus générales à ce sujet pourra se référer à l'article Relativité restreinte. thumb|Hendrik Lorentz en 1916. Les transformations de Lorentz sont des transformations linéaires des coordonnées d'un point de l'espace-temps de Minkowski à quatre dimensions.
Spatial resolutionIn physics and geosciences, the term spatial resolution refers to distance between independent measurements, or the physical dimension that represents a pixel of the image. While in some instruments, like cameras and telescopes, spatial resolution is directly connected to angular resolution, other instruments, like synthetic aperture radar or a network of weather stations, produce data whose spatial sampling layout is more related to the Earth's surface, such as in remote sensing and .
Aether drag hypothesisIn the 19th century, the theory of the luminiferous aether as the hypothetical medium for the propagation of light waves was widely discussed. The aether hypothesis arose because physicists of that era could not conceive of light waves propagating without a physical medium in which to do so. When experiments failed to detect the hypothesized luminiferous aether, physicists conceived explanations, which preserved the hypothetical aether's existence, for the experiments' failure to detect it.
Velocity-addition formulaIn relativistic physics, a velocity-addition formula is an equation that specifies how to combine the velocities of objects in a way that is consistent with the requirement that no object's speed can exceed the speed of light. Such formulas apply to successive Lorentz transformations, so they also relate different frames. Accompanying velocity addition is a kinematic effect known as Thomas precession, whereby successive non-collinear Lorentz boosts become equivalent to the composition of a rotation of the coordinate system and a boost.
