AutophosphorylationAutophosphorylation is a type of post-translational modification of proteins. It is generally defined as the phosphorylation of the kinase by itself. In eukaryotes, this process occurs by the addition of a phosphate group to serine, threonine or tyrosine residues within protein kinases, normally to regulate the catalytic activity. Autophosphorylation may occur when a kinases' own active site catalyzes the phosphorylation reaction (cis autophosphorylation), or when another kinase of the same type provides the active site that carries out the chemistry (trans autophosphorylation).
MAP kinasesLes Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) (ou tout simplement, MAP kinases) sont un ensemble de protéines kinases nécessaires à l'induction de la mitose dans les cellules eucaryotes. Elles appartiennent au groupe des kinases CMGC (incluant les kinases CDK, MAPK, GSK3 et CLK). Les MAP-K sont impliquées dans un certain nombre d'évènements de la vie de la cellule, comme la mitose, mais aussi très liées à des phénomènes apoptotiques, à la différenciation ou encore à la survie cellulaire.
Effector (biology)In biology, an effector is a general term that can refer to several types of molecules or cells depending on the context: Small molecule effectors A small molecule that selectively binds to a protein to regulate its biological activity can be called an effector. In this manner, effector molecules act as ligands that can increase or decrease enzyme activity, gene expression, influence cell signaling, or other protein functions.
Chemokine receptorChemokine receptors are cytokine receptors found on the surface of certain cells that interact with a type of cytokine called a chemokine. There have been 20 distinct chemokine receptors discovered in humans. Each has a rhodopsin-like 7-transmembrane (7TM) structure and couples to G-protein for signal transduction within a cell, making them members of a large protein family of G protein-coupled receptors. Following interaction with their specific chemokine ligands, chemokine receptors trigger a flux in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) ions (calcium signaling).
Opioid antagonistAn opioid antagonist, or opioid receptor antagonist, is a receptor antagonist that acts on one or more of the opioid receptors. Naloxone and naltrexone are commonly used opioid antagonist drugs which are competitive antagonists that bind to the opioid receptors with higher affinity than agonists but do not activate the receptors. This effectively blocks the receptor, preventing the body from responding to opioids and endorphins.
Fructose-1,6-bisphosphateLe fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (Fru-1,6-BP), souvent appelé fructose-1,6-diphosphate, est un composé organique présent dans de très nombreuses cellules vivantes sous forme de l'isomère β-D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate, le seul qui soit biologiquement actif. L'essentiel du glucose et du fructose métabolisé par la cellule est converti, à un moment ou à un autre, en Fru-1,6-BP. Le β-D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate est un métabolite situé au carrefour de plusieurs voies métaboliques, notamment la glycolyse et la gluconéogenèse ; c'est également un intermédiaire de la biosynthèse du fructose et du mannose.
