Similarities and Differences among Protein Dynamics Studied by Variable Temperature Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation

Understanding and describing the dynamics of proteins is one of the major challenges in biology. Here, we use multifield variable-temperature NMR longitudinal relaxation (R-1) measurements to determine the hierarchical activation energies of motions of four different proteins: two small globular proteins (GB1 and the SH3 domain of alpha-spectrin), an intrinsically disordered protein (the C-terminus of the nucleoprotein of the Sendai virus, Sendai Ntail), and an outer membrane protein (OmpG). The activation energies map the motions occurring in the side chains, in the backbone, and in the hydration shells of the proteins. We were able to identify similarities and differences in the average motions of the proteins. We find that the NMR relaxation properties of the four proteins do share similar features. The data characterizing average backbone motions are found to be very similar, the same for methyl group rotations, and similar activation energies are measured. The main observed difference occurs for the intrinsically disordered Sendai Ntail, where we observe much lower energy of activation for motions of protons associated with the protein-solvent interface as compared to the others. We also observe variability between the proteins regarding side chain N-15 relaxation of lysine residues, with a higher activation energy observed in OmpG. This hints at strong interactions with negatively charged lipids in the bilayer and provides a possible mechanistic clue for the "positive-inside" rule for helical membrane proteins. Overall, these observations refine the understanding of the similarities and differences between hierarchical dynamics in proteins.