Couche d'ozonevignette|Modélisation de la disparition de la couche d'ozone : Ce qui serait arrivé si les CFC n'avaient pas été interdits La couche d'ozone ou ozonosphère est la partie de la stratosphère de la Terre qui contient une quantité relativement importante d'ozone (concentration de l'ordre de un pour cent mille). À haute altitude, la couche d'ozone est utile : elle absorbe la plus grande partie du rayonnement solaire ultraviolet dangereux pour les organismes. Elle a donc un rôle protecteur pour les êtres vivants et les écosystèmes.
Carrier generation and recombinationIn the solid-state physics of semiconductors, carrier generation and carrier recombination are processes by which mobile charge carriers (electrons and electron holes) are created and eliminated. Carrier generation and recombination processes are fundamental to the operation of many optoelectronic semiconductor devices, such as photodiodes, light-emitting diodes and laser diodes. They are also critical to a full analysis of p-n junction devices such as bipolar junction transistors and p-n junction diodes.
Rendement (physique)En physique, le rendement est défini comme une grandeur sans dimension qui caractérise l'efficacité d'une transformation, physique ou chimique. En physique, la grandeur caractérise généralement la conversion d'une forme d'énergie en une autre. Pour un système réalisant une conversion d'énergie (transformateur, moteur, pompe à chaleur), le rendement est défini par certains auteurs comme étant le rapport entre l'énergie recueillie en sortie et l'énergie fournie en entrée, qui confond alors les termes d'efficacité thermodynamique et de rendement thermodynamique.
Destruction de la couche d'ozoneLa destruction (ou dégradation) de la couche d'ozone est un amincissement voire une disparition de cette couche qui résulte d'un déséquilibre entre la production et la destruction de l’ozone dans la stratosphère. L'épaisseur de la couche d'ozone est mesurée en unité Dobson (DU), 1 DU correspondant à molécules d'ozone par mètre carré. Elle varie autour du globe en fonction de la latitude et des saisons. La couche est mince au niveau de l’équateur (environ 270 DU) et plus épaisse au niveau des pôles (environ 300 DU), elle est plus mince en automne et plus épaisse au printemps.
Génie minierMining in the engineering discipline is the extraction of minerals from underneath, open pit, above, or on the ground. Mining engineering is associated with many other disciplines, such as mineral processing, exploration, excavation, geology, and metallurgy, geotechnical engineering and surveying. A mining engineer may manage any phase of mining operations, from exploration and discovery of the mineral resources, through feasibility study, mine design, development of plans, production and operations to mine closure.
Hybrid solar cellHybrid solar cells combine advantages of both organic and inorganic semiconductors. Hybrid photovoltaics have organic materials that consist of conjugated polymers that absorb light as the donor and transport holes. Inorganic materials in hybrid cells are used as the acceptor and electron transporter in the structure. The hybrid photovoltaic devices have a potential for not only low-cost by roll-to-roll processing but also for scalable solar power conversion. Solar cells are devices that convert sunlight into electricity by the photovoltaic effect.
Geological engineeringGeological engineering is a discipline of engineering concerned with the application of geological science and engineering principles to fields, such as civil engineering, mining, environmental engineering, and forestry, among others. The work of geological engineers often directs or supports the work of other engineering disciplines such as assessing the suitability of locations for civil engineering, environmental engineering, mining operations, and oil and gas projects by conducting geological, geoenvironmental, geophysical, and geotechnical studies.
Electrical efficiencyThe efficiency of a system in electronics and electrical engineering is defined as useful power output divided by the total electrical power consumed (a fractional expression), typically denoted by the Greek small letter eta (η – ήτα). If energy output and input are expressed in the same units, efficiency is a dimensionless number. Where it is not customary or convenient to represent input and output energy in the same units, efficiency-like quantities have units associated with them.
Fuel efficiencyFuel efficiency is a form of thermal efficiency, meaning the ratio of effort to result of a process that converts chemical potential energy contained in a carrier (fuel) into kinetic energy or work. Overall fuel efficiency may vary per device, which in turn may vary per application, and this spectrum of variance is often illustrated as a continuous . Non-transportation applications, such as industry, benefit from increased fuel efficiency, especially fossil fuel power plants or industries dealing with combustion, such as ammonia production during the Haber process.
Energy transformationEnergy transformation, also known as energy conversion, is the process of changing energy from one form to another. In physics, energy is a quantity that provides the capacity to perform work or moving (e.g. lifting an object) or provides heat. In addition to being converted, according to the law of conservation of energy, energy is transferable to a different location or object, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
