Immunité grégaireL', aussi appelée immunité de communauté, immunité collective ou encore immunité de groupe, est le phénomène par lequel la propagation d'une maladie contagieuse peut être enrayée dans une population si une certaine proportion des individus est immunisée, soit par vaccination, soit par immunité croisée, soit parce qu'après avoir été contaminés ils n'ont pas développé la maladie ou en ont guéri. En effet, plus la proportion de personnes immunisées augmente, plus le risque pour une personne non immunisée de rencontrer un malade et d'attraper sa maladie diminue.
Sanger sequencingSanger sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing that involves electrophoresis and is based on the random incorporation of chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides by DNA polymerase during in vitro DNA replication. After first being developed by Frederick Sanger and colleagues in 1977, it became the most widely used sequencing method for approximately 40 years. It was first commercialized by Applied Biosystems in 1986. More recently, higher volume Sanger sequencing has been replaced by next generation sequencing methods, especially for large-scale, automated genome analyses.
SéquençageEn biochimie, le séquençage consiste à déterminer l'ordre linéaire des composants d'une macromolécule (les acides aminés d'une protéine, les nucléotides d'un acide nucléique comme l'ADN, les monosaccharides d'un polysaccharide, etc.). En génétique, le séquençage concerne la détermination de la séquence des gènes voire des chromosomes, voire du génome complet, ce qui techniquement revient à effectuer le séquençage de l'ADN constituant ces gènes ou ces chromosomes.
Human genomeThe human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria. These are usually treated separately as the nuclear genome and the mitochondrial genome. Human genomes include both protein-coding DNA sequences and various types of DNA that does not encode proteins. The latter is a diverse category that includes DNA coding for non-translated RNA, such as that for ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, ribozymes, small nuclear RNAs, and several types of regulatory RNAs.
GénomeLe génome (//), ou plus rarement génôme, est l'ensemble du matériel génétique d'une espèce codé dans son acide désoxyribonucléique (ADN), à l'exception de certains virus dont le génome est constitué d'acide ribonucléique (ARN). Il contient en particulier tous les gènes codant des protéines ou correspondant à des ARN structurés. Il se décompose donc en séquences codantes (transcrites en ARN messagers et traduites en protéines) et non codantes (non transcrites, ou transcrites en ARN, mais non traduites).
Human variabilityHuman variability, or human variation, is the range of possible values for any characteristic, physical or mental, of human beings. Frequently debated areas of variability include cognitive ability, personality, physical appearance (body shape, skin color, etc.) and immunology. Variability is partly heritable and partly acquired (nature vs. nurture debate). As the human species exhibits sexual dimorphism, many traits show significant variation not just between populations but also between the sexes.
Third-generation sequencingThird-generation sequencing (also known as long-read sequencing) is a class of DNA sequencing methods currently under active development. Third generation sequencing technologies have the capability to produce substantially longer reads than second generation sequencing, also known as next-generation sequencing. Such an advantage has critical implications for both genome science and the study of biology in general. However, third generation sequencing data have much higher error rates than previous technologies, which can complicate downstream genome assembly and analysis of the resulting data.
Artificial induction of immunityArtificial induction of immunity is immunization achieved by human efforts in preventive healthcare, as opposed to (and augmenting) natural immunity as produced by organisms' immune systems. It makes people immune to specific diseases by means other than waiting for them to catch the disease. The purpose is to reduce the risk of death and suffering, that is, the disease burden, even when eradication of the disease is not possible. Vaccination is the chief type of such immunization, greatly reducing the burden of vaccine-preventable diseases.
RetroviridaeLes Retroviridae (rétrovirus) sont une famille de virus qui regroupe les sous-familles suivantes : et . Ce sont des virus à ARN monocaténaire de polarité positive infectant les vertébrés. Ils se distinguent notamment par la présence d'une enzyme virale : la transcriptase inverse (TI, ou encore RT pour reverse transcriptase), qui rétrotranscrit leur génome d'ARN en ADN pour être intégré par la suite dans le génome de la cellule hôte. La TI a la particularité de commettre relativement facilement des erreurs, ce qui fait que certains rétrovirus ont une grande variabilité génétique.
Genetic variationGenetic variation is the difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations among the same species. The multiple sources of genetic variation include mutation and genetic recombination. Mutations are the ultimate sources of genetic variation, but other mechanisms, such as genetic drift, contribute to it, as well. Genetic variation can be identified at many levels. Identifying genetic variation is possible from observations of phenotypic variation in either quantitative traits (traits that vary continuously and are coded for by many genes (e.
