Marine virusesMarine viruses are defined by their habitat as viruses that are found in marine environments, that is, in the saltwater of seas or oceans or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. Viruses are small infectious agents that can only replicate inside the living cells of a host organism, because they need the replication machinery of the host to do so. They can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.
NutrimentLes nutriments, ou éléments nutritifs, sont constitués dans le corps par l'ensemble des composés organiques et inorganiques nécessaires à l'organisme vivant pour entretenir la vie. Le processus d'assimilation des nutriments est la nutrition. Un nutriment est une substance organique ou minérale, directement assimilable sans avoir à subir les processus de dégradation de la digestion.
Nutrition végétaleLa nutrition végétale est l'ensemble des processus qui permettent aux végétaux d'absorber dans le milieu et d'assimiler les éléments nutritifs nécessaires à leur différentes fonctions physiologiques : croissance, développement, reproduction... Le principal élément nutritif intervenant dans la nutrition végétale est le carbone, tiré du dioxyde de carbone de l'air par les plantes autotrophes grâce au processus de la photosynthèse. Les plantes non chlorophylliennes, dites allotrophes ou hétérotrophes dépendent des organismes autotrophes pour leur nutrition carbonée.
Marine ecosystemMarine ecosystems are the largest of Earth's aquatic ecosystems and exist in waters that have a high salt content. These systems contrast with freshwater ecosystems, which have a lower salt content. Marine waters cover more than 70% of the surface of the Earth and account for more than 97% of Earth's water supply and 90% of habitable space on Earth. Seawater has an average salinity of 35 parts per thousand of water. Actual salinity varies among different marine ecosystems.
Marine biogeochemical cyclesMarine biogeochemical cycles are biogeochemical cycles that occur within marine environments, that is, in the saltwater of seas or oceans or the brackish water of coastal estuaries. These biogeochemical cycles are the pathways chemical substances and elements move through within the marine environment. In addition, substances and elements can be imported into or exported from the marine environment. These imports and exports can occur as exchanges with the atmosphere above, the ocean floor below, or as runoff from the land.
Marine habitatA marine habitat is a habitat that supports marine life. Marine life depends in some way on the saltwater that is in the sea (the term marine comes from the Latin mare, meaning sea or ocean). A habitat is an ecological or environmental area inhabited by one or more living species. The marine environment supports many kinds of these habitats. Marine habitats can be divided into coastal and open ocean habitats. Coastal habitats are found in the area that extends from as far as the tide comes in on the shoreline out to the edge of the continental shelf.
Acidification des océansvignette|upright=1.7|Variation du pH à la surface des océans provoquée par le d'origine anthropique entre les années 1700 et les années 1990 vignette|upright=1.7|Effets : Réduction estimée de la concentration en ions carbonates () dans les eaux de surface entre les années 1700 et les années 1990 L'acidification des océans est la diminution progressive du pH des océans. Il a été estimé que de 1950 à 2021, le pH des eaux superficielles des océans a diminué, passant de 8,15 à 8,05 .
Nutrient pollutionNutrient pollution, a form of water pollution, refers to contamination by excessive inputs of nutrients. It is a primary cause of eutrophication of surface waters (lakes, rivers and coastal waters), in which excess nutrients, usually nitrogen or phosphorus, stimulate algal growth. Sources of nutrient pollution include surface runoff from farm fields and pastures, discharges from septic tanks and feedlots, and emissions from combustion. Raw sewage is a large contributor to cultural eutrophication since sewage is high in nutrients.
AcideUn acide est un composé chimique minéral ou organique accepteur, au sens large, de doublets électroniques. Il est généralement défini par des réactions-types dans différents solvants, en particulier en libérant l'ion hydronium dans l'eau. Les acides réagissent souvent en dégageant de l'énergie avec d'autres composés chimiques appelés bases (les alcalis des Anciens), qui, elles, donnent des doublets électroniques et ont le pouvoir de générer, en tout ou partie, l'ion hydroxyle dans l'eau.
Sea surface microlayerThe sea surface microlayer (SML) is the boundary interface between the atmosphere and ocean, covering about 70% of Earth's surface. With an operationally defined thickness between 1 and , the SML has physicochemical and biological properties that are measurably distinct from underlying waters. Recent studies now indicate that the SML covers the ocean to a significant extent, and evidence shows that it is an aggregate-enriched biofilm environment with distinct microbial communities.
