Types of artificial neural networksThere are many types of artificial neural networks (ANN). Artificial neural networks are computational models inspired by biological neural networks, and are used to approximate functions that are generally unknown. Particularly, they are inspired by the behaviour of neurons and the electrical signals they convey between input (such as from the eyes or nerve endings in the hand), processing, and output from the brain (such as reacting to light, touch, or heat). The way neurons semantically communicate is an area of ongoing research.
HyperparamètreDans l'apprentissage automatique, un hyperparamètre est un paramètre dont la valeur est utilisée pour contrôler le processus d'apprentissage. En revanche, les valeurs des autres paramètres (généralement la pondération de nœuds) sont obtenues par apprentissage. Les hyperparamètres peuvent être classifiés comme étant des hyperparamètres de modèle, qui ne peuvent pas être déduits en ajustant la machine à l'ensemble d'entraînement parce qu'ils s'appliquent à la tâche de la sélection du modèle, ou des hyperparamètres d'algorithmes, qui en principe n'ont aucune influence sur la performance du modèle mais affectent la rapidité et la qualité du processus d'apprentissage.
Neural networkA neural network can refer to a neural circuit of biological neurons (sometimes also called a biological neural network), a network of artificial neurons or nodes in the case of an artificial neural network. Artificial neural networks are used for solving artificial intelligence (AI) problems; they model connections of biological neurons as weights between nodes. A positive weight reflects an excitatory connection, while negative values mean inhibitory connections. All inputs are modified by a weight and summed.
Validation croiséeLa validation croisée () est, en apprentissage automatique, une méthode d’estimation de fiabilité d’un modèle fondée sur une technique d’échantillonnage. Supposons posséder un modèle statistique avec un ou plusieurs paramètres inconnus, et un ensemble de données d'apprentissage sur lequel on peut apprendre (ou « entraîner ») le modèle. Le processus d'apprentissage optimise les paramètres du modèle afin que celui-ci corresponde le mieux possible aux données d'apprentissage.
Statistical model validationIn statistics, model validation is the task of evaluating whether a chosen statistical model is appropriate or not. Oftentimes in statistical inference, inferences from models that appear to fit their data may be flukes, resulting in a misunderstanding by researchers of the actual relevance of their model. To combat this, model validation is used to test whether a statistical model can hold up to permutations in the data.
Regression validationIn statistics, regression validation is the process of deciding whether the numerical results quantifying hypothesized relationships between variables, obtained from regression analysis, are acceptable as descriptions of the data. The validation process can involve analyzing the goodness of fit of the regression, analyzing whether the regression residuals are random, and checking whether the model's predictive performance deteriorates substantially when applied to data that were not used in model estimation.
Empirical risk minimizationEmpirical risk minimization (ERM) is a principle in statistical learning theory which defines a family of learning algorithms and is used to give theoretical bounds on their performance. The core idea is that we cannot know exactly how well an algorithm will work in practice (the true "risk") because we don't know the true distribution of data that the algorithm will work on, but we can instead measure its performance on a known set of training data (the "empirical" risk).
Early stoppingIn machine learning, early stopping is a form of regularization used to avoid overfitting when training a learner with an iterative method, such as gradient descent. Such methods update the learner so as to make it better fit the training data with each iteration. Up to a point, this improves the learner's performance on data outside of the training set. Past that point, however, improving the learner's fit to the training data comes at the expense of increased generalization error.
Régularisation (mathématiques)vignette|Les courbes bleues et vertes correspondent à deux modèles differents, tous les deux étant des solutions possibles du problème consistant à décrire les coordonnées de tous les points rouges. L'application d'une régularisation favorise le modèle moins complexe correspondant à la courbe verte. Dans le domaine des mathématiques et des statistiques, et plus particulièrement dans le domaine de l'apprentissage automatique, la régularisation fait référence à un processus consistant à ajouter de l'information à un problème, s'il est mal posé ou pour éviter le surapprentissage.
Binary classificationBinary classification is the task of classifying the elements of a set into two groups (each called class) on the basis of a classification rule. Typical binary classification problems include: Medical testing to determine if a patient has certain disease or not; Quality control in industry, deciding whether a specification has been met; In information retrieval, deciding whether a page should be in the result set of a search or not. Binary classification is dichotomization applied to a practical situation.
