Rythme cérébralUn rythme cérébral (appelé aussi activité neuro-électrique) désigne l'oscillation électromagnétique émise par le cerveau des êtres humains, mais également de tout être vivant. Le cortex frontal qui permet la cognition, la logique et le raisonnement est composé de neurones qui sont reliés entre eux par des synapses permettant la neurotransmission. Mesurables en volt et en hertz, ces ondes sont de très faible amplitude : de l'ordre du microvolt (chez l'être humain), elles ne suivent pas toujours une sinusoïde régulière.
Neuromorphic engineeringNeuromorphic computing is an approach to computing that is inspired by the structure and function of the human brain. A neuromorphic computer/chip is any device that uses physical artificial neurons to do computations. In recent times, the term neuromorphic has been used to describe analog, digital, mixed-mode analog/digital VLSI, and software systems that implement models of neural systems (for perception, motor control, or multisensory integration).
Time–frequency analysisIn signal processing, time–frequency analysis comprises those techniques that study a signal in both the time and frequency domains simultaneously, using various time–frequency representations. Rather than viewing a 1-dimensional signal (a function, real or complex-valued, whose domain is the real line) and some transform (another function whose domain is the real line, obtained from the original via some transform), time–frequency analysis studies a two-dimensional signal – a function whose domain is the two-dimensional real plane, obtained from the signal via a time–frequency transform.
Gamma waveA gamma wave or gamma rhythm is a pattern of neural oscillation in humans with a frequency between 25 and 140 Hz, the 40 Hz point being of particular interest. Gamma rhythms are correlated with large scale brain network activity and cognitive phenomena such as working memory, attention, and perceptual grouping, and can be increased in amplitude via meditation or neurostimulation. Altered gamma activity has been observed in many mood and cognitive disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, epilepsy, and schizophrenia.
Bilinear time–frequency distributionBilinear time–frequency distributions, or quadratic time–frequency distributions, arise in a sub-field of signal analysis and signal processing called time–frequency signal processing, and, in the statistical analysis of time series data. Such methods are used where one needs to deal with a situation where the frequency composition of a signal may be changing over time; this sub-field used to be called time–frequency signal analysis, and is now more often called time–frequency signal processing due to the progress in using these methods to a wide range of signal-processing problems.
Time–frequency representationA time–frequency representation (TFR) is a view of a signal (taken to be a function of time) represented over both time and frequency. Time–frequency analysis means analysis into the time–frequency domain provided by a TFR. This is achieved by using a formulation often called "Time–Frequency Distribution", abbreviated as TFD. TFRs are often complex-valued fields over time and frequency, where the modulus of the field represents either amplitude or "energy density" (the concentration of the root mean square over time and frequency), and the argument of the field represents phase.
Physical neural networkA physical neural network is a type of artificial neural network in which an electrically adjustable material is used to emulate the function of a neural synapse or a higher-order (dendritic) neuron model. "Physical" neural network is used to emphasize the reliance on physical hardware used to emulate neurons as opposed to software-based approaches. More generally the term is applicable to other artificial neural networks in which a memristor or other electrically adjustable resistance material is used to emulate a neural synapse.
Distribution de Wigner-VilleLa distribution de Wigner-Ville, des noms de Eugene Wigner et Jean Ville. Elle a été introduite par Eugene Wigner en 1932 dans le cadre de la physique quantique pour introduire des corrections quantiques à la physique statistique. Son objectif était de remplacer dans l'équation de Schrödinger la fonction d'onde par une densité de probabilité dans l'espace des phases. Cette fonction est par construction à valeurs réelles. Mais du fait de la redondance de la base de représentation, telle qu'exprimée par les relations d'incertitude, cette fonction peut prendre des valeurs négatives.
Réseau de neurones à impulsionsLes réseaux de neurones à impulsions (SNNs : Spiking Neural Networks, en anglais) sont un raffinement des réseaux de neurones artificiels (ANNs : Artificial Neural Networks, en anglais) où l’échange entre neurones repose sur l’intégration des impulsions et la redescente de l’activation, à l’instar des neurones naturels. L’encodage est donc temporel et binaire. Le caractère binaire pose une difficulté de continuité au sens mathématique (cela empêche notamment l’utilisation des techniques de rétropropagation des coefficients - telle que la descente de gradient - utilisées classiquement dans les méthodes d'apprentissage).
Interaction élémentaireQuatre interactions élémentaires sont responsables de tous les phénomènes physiques observés dans l'Univers, chacune se manifestant par une force dite force fondamentale. Ce sont l'interaction nucléaire forte, l'interaction électromagnétique, l'interaction faible et l'interaction gravitationnelle. En physique classique, les lois de la gravitation et de l'électromagnétisme étaient considérées comme axiomes.
