Cycle of erosionThe geographic cycle, or cycle of erosion, is an idealized model that explains the development of relief in landscapes. The model starts with the erosion that follows uplift of land above a base level and ends, if conditions allow, in the formation of a peneplain. Landscapes that show evidence of more than one cycle of erosion are termed "polycyclical". The cycle of erosion and some of its associated concepts have, despite their popularity, been a subject of much criticism.
Sheet erosionSheet erosion or sheet wash is the even erosion of substrate along a wide area. It occurs in a wide range of settings such as coastal plains, hillslopes, floodplains, beaches, savanna plains and semi-arid plains. Water moving fairly uniformly with a similar thickness over a surface is called sheet flow, and is the cause of sheet erosion. Sheet erosion implies that any flow of water that causes the erosion is not canalized. If a hillslope surface contains many irregularities, sheet erosion may give way to erosion along small channels called rills, which can then converge forming gullies.
Relation tritrophiqueTritrophic interactions in plant defense against herbivory describe the ecological impacts of three trophic levels on each other: the plant, the herbivore, and its natural enemies. They may also be called multitrophic interactions when further trophic levels, such as soil microbes, endophytes, or hyperparasitoids (higher-order predators) are considered. Tritrophic interactions join pollination and seed dispersal as vital biological functions which plants perform via cooperation with animals.
Plante succulentevignette|La joubarbe des toits (Sempervivum tectorum). vignette|Arbre bouteille (Pachypodium lealii). vignette|Bonsaï de Crassula ovata. Une plante succulente, appelée aussi malacophyte, est une plante charnue adaptée pour survivre dans des milieux arides du fait des caractéristiques du sol, du climat ou à forte concentration en sel (dans ce dernier cas, on parle de plante halophyte). L'adaptation de ces végétaux, différente de celles des plantes xérophytes proprement dites, est liée à leur capacité de stocker de l'eau dans les feuilles, les tiges ou les racines.
Gamme tempéréeDans la théorie de la musique occidentale, la gamme tempérée, gamme au tempérament égal, tempérament égal, est le système d'accord qui divise l'octave en intervalles chromatiques égaux (c'est-à-dire que le rapport des fréquences de deux notes adjacentes est toujours le même). Le plus répandu est un découpage en 12 intervalles. Cependant, il est possible d'en utiliser un nombre différent, dans le but d'obtenir les « tempéraments par division multiple ».
Pénéplainevignette|upright=1.8|Formation d'une pénéplaine. Une pénéplaine est un large espace aux faibles dénivellations, qui résulte d'une pénéplanation et de la coalescence des bassins hydrographiques. Il s'agit d'un ensemble de talwegs et d'interfluves peu marqués avec éventuellement des reliefs résiduels (buttes, collines, monadnocks) le long des lignes de partage des eaux. La pénéplaine constitue donc le stade évolué de l'érosion due aux réseaux hydrographiques.
Racine dentairevignette|300px|Détail d'une molaire humaine.1. Dent 2. Émail dentaire 3. Dentine 4. Pulpe dentaire 5. 6. 7. Cément 8. Couronne 9. 10. 11. collet 12. Racine dentaire 13. 14. 15. 16. Sulcus gingivae17. Parodonte 18.Gencive 19. 20. 21. 22. Ligament alvéolo-dentaire 23. Os alvéolaire 24. 25. 26. 27. canal alvéolaire La racine d'une dent est la portion de la dent qui se trouve dans l'os alvéolaire, situé dans l'os basal du maxillaire ou de la mandibule. Surmontée de la couronne dentaire, la racine sert de pilier à la dent.
Ecological validityIn the behavioral sciences, ecological validity is often used to refer to the judgment of whether a given study's variables and conclusions (often collected in lab) are sufficiently relevant to its population (e.g. the "real world" context). Psychological studies are usually conducted in laboratories though the goal of these studies is to understand human behavior in the real-world. Ideally, an experiment would have generalizable results that predict behavior outside of the lab, thus having more ecological validity.
12 equal temperament12 equal temperament (12-ET) is the musical system that divides the octave into 12 parts, all of which are equally tempered (equally spaced) on a logarithmic scale, with a ratio equal to the 12th root of 2 ( ≈ 1.05946). That resulting smallest interval, the width of an octave, is called a semitone or half step. Twelve-tone equal temperament is the most widespread system in music today. It has been the predominant tuning system of Western music, starting with classical music, since the 18th century, and Europe almost exclusively used approximations of it for millennia before that.
Tree plantingTree planting is the process of transplanting tree seedlings, generally for forestry, land reclamation, or landscaping purposes. It differs from the transplantation of larger trees in arboriculture and from the lower-cost but slower and less reliable distribution of tree seeds. Trees contribute to their environment over long periods of time by providing oxygen, improving air quality, climate amelioration, conserving water, preserving soil, and supporting wildlife.
