Quantum complexity theoryQuantum complexity theory is the subfield of computational complexity theory that deals with complexity classes defined using quantum computers, a computational model based on quantum mechanics. It studies the hardness of computational problems in relation to these complexity classes, as well as the relationship between quantum complexity classes and classical (i.e., non-quantum) complexity classes. Two important quantum complexity classes are BQP and QMA.
Component (graph theory)In graph theory, a component of an undirected graph is a connected subgraph that is not part of any larger connected subgraph. The components of any graph partition its vertices into disjoint sets, and are the induced subgraphs of those sets. A graph that is itself connected has exactly one component, consisting of the whole graph. Components are sometimes called connected components. The number of components in a given graph is an important graph invariant, and is closely related to invariants of matroids, topological spaces, and matrices.
Variable globaleEn programmation informatique, une variable globale est une variable déclarée à l'extérieur du corps de toute fonction ou classe, et pouvant donc être utilisée n'importe où dans le programme. On parle également de variable de portée globale. #include int global = 3; // Une variable globale void ChangeGlobal() { global = 5; // Référence à la variable globale à l'intérieur d'une fonction } int main() { std::cout < global < '\n'; // Référence à la variable globale dans une autre fonction ChangeGlobal(); std::cout < global < '\n'; } La variable étant globale, il n'est pas nécessaire de la passer comme paramètre pour l'utiliser dans les fonctions.
CyberattaqueUne cyberattaque est un acte offensif envers un dispositif informatique à travers un réseau cybernétique. Une cyberattaque peut émaner de personnes isolées ou d'un groupe de pirates informatiques, éventuellement étatique. Une cyberattaque est presque systématiquement malveillante, mais peut s'inscrire dans une approche éthique, lorsqu'elle a pour seul but de mettre en évidence une faille de sécurité. Il existe de très nombreuses définitions selon les pays, les ONG, les organisations internationales Pour A.
Graph powerIn graph theory, a branch of mathematics, the kth power G^k of an undirected graph G is another graph that has the same set of vertices, but in which two vertices are adjacent when their distance in G is at most k. Powers of graphs are referred to using terminology similar to that of exponentiation of numbers: G^2 is called the square of G, G^3 is called the cube of G, etc. Graph powers should be distinguished from the products of a graph with itself, which (unlike powers) generally have many more vertices than the original graph.
Proactive cyber defenceProactive cyber defence, means acting in anticipation to oppose an attack through cyber and cognitive domains. Proactive cyber defence can be understood as options between offensive and defensive measures. It includes interdicting, disrupting or deterring an attack or a threat's preparation to attack, either pre-emptively or in self-defence. Proactive cyber defence differs from active defence, in that the former is pre-emptive (does not waiting for an attack to occur).
Graphe distance-régulierEn théorie des graphes, un graphe régulier est dit distance-régulier si pour tous sommets distants de , et pour tous entiers naturels , il y a toujours le même nombre de sommets qui sont à la fois à distance de et à distance de . De manière équivalente, un graphe est distance-régulier si pour tous sommets , le nombre de sommets voisins de à distance de et le nombre de sommets voisins de à distance de ne dépendent que de et de la distance entre et . Formellement, tels que et où est l’ensemble des sommets à distance de , et .
Loose couplingIn computing and systems design, a loosely coupled system is one in which components are weakly associated (have breakable relationships) with each other, and thus changes in one component least affect existence or performance of another component. in which each of its components has, or makes use of, little or no knowledge of the definitions of other separate components. Subareas include the coupling of classes, interfaces, data, and services. Loose coupling is the opposite of tight coupling.
Home networkA home network or home area network (HAN) is a type of computer network that facilitates communication among devices within the close vicinity of a home. Devices capable of participating in this network, for example, smart devices such as network printers and handheld mobile computers, often gain enhanced emergent capabilities through their ability to interact. These additional capabilities can be used to increase the quality of life inside the home in a variety of ways, such as automation of repetitive tasks, increased personal productivity, enhanced home security, and easier access to entertainment.
Cyber spyingCyber spying, cyber espionage, or cyber-collection is the act or practice of obtaining secrets and information without the permission and knowledge of the holder of the information using methods on the Internet, networks or individual computers through the use of proxy servers, cracking techniques and malicious software including Trojan horses and spyware. Cyber espionage can be used to target various actors- individuals, competitors, rivals, groups, governments, and others- in order to obtain personal, economic, political or military advantages.
