RespirometryRespirometry is a general term that encompasses a number of techniques for obtaining estimates of the rates of metabolism of vertebrates, invertebrates, plants, tissues, cells, or microorganisms via an indirect measure of heat production (calorimetry). The metabolism of an animal is estimated by determining rates of carbon dioxide production (VCO2) and oxygen consumption (VO2) of individual animals, either in a closed or an open-circuit respirometry system.
Efficacité énergétique (économie)En économie, l’efficacité énergétique ou efficience énergétique désigne l'état de fonctionnement d'un système pour lequel la consommation d’énergie est minimisée pour un service rendu identique. C'est un cas particulier de la notion d’efficience. Elle concerne notamment les transports motorisés, les métiers du bâtiment et l'industrie (ces derniers étant responsables respectivement d'environ 40 % et 25 % de la consommation énergétique totale de l'Union européenne).
Jeûne intermittentLe jeûne intermittent recouvre une famille de régimes alimentaires consistant à alterner des périodes de jeûne et des périodes d'alimentation normale. Ces régimes seraient efficaces pour réduire le poids et la masse graisseuse, mais leurs effets secondaires sont encore débattus. Le jeûne intermittent peut être une stratégie viable pour réduire l'apport calorique, le poids, la masse grasse et améliorer la sensibilité à l'insuline. Le jeûne intermittent alterne des périodes de jeûne et des périodes d'alimentation normale.
Normalizing constantIn probability theory, a normalizing constant or normalizing factor is used to reduce any probability function to a probability density function with total probability of one. For example, a Gaussian function can be normalized into a probability density function, which gives the standard normal distribution. In Bayes' theorem, a normalizing constant is used to ensure that the sum of all possible hypotheses equals 1. Other uses of normalizing constants include making the value of a Legendre polynomial at 1 and in the orthogonality of orthonormal functions.
Mechanical, electrical, and plumbingMechanical, electrical and plumbing (MEP) refers to the installation of services which provide a comfortable space for the building occupants. In residential and commercial buildings, these elements are often designed by a specialized MEP engineering firms. The part of Mechanical in the overall MEP system is almost 70% of the total work. MEP's design is important for planning, decision-making, accurate documentation, performance- and cost-estimation, construction, and operating/maintaining the resulting facilities.
Normalization (statistics)In statistics and applications of statistics, normalization can have a range of meanings. In the simplest cases, normalization of ratings means adjusting values measured on different scales to a notionally common scale, often prior to averaging. In more complicated cases, normalization may refer to more sophisticated adjustments where the intention is to bring the entire probability distributions of adjusted values into alignment. In the case of normalization of scores in educational assessment, there may be an intention to align distributions to a normal distribution.
HomeothermyHomeothermy, homothermy or homoiothermy is thermoregulation that maintains a stable internal body temperature regardless of external influence. This internal body temperature is often, though not necessarily, higher than the immediate environment (from Greek ὅμοιος homoios "similar" and θέρμη thermē "heat"). Homeothermy is one of the three types of thermoregulation in warm-blooded animal species. Homeothermy's opposite is poikilothermy.
HypothermieL'hypothermie est une situation accidentelle et anormale où la baisse de la température centrale d'un animal homéotherme (« à sang chaud ») ne permet plus d'assurer correctement les fonctions vitales. Pour l'hypothermie physiologique et normale, voir : L'humain, comme les mammifères et les oiseaux, est un homéotherme endotherme, c'est-à-dire qu'il maintient une température généralement supérieure à celle de son milieu, en produisant lui-même une chaleur (thermogénèse).
