NeuroprostheticsNeuroprosthetics (also called neural prosthetics) is a discipline related to neuroscience and biomedical engineering concerned with developing neural prostheses. They are sometimes contrasted with a brain–computer interface, which connects the brain to a computer rather than a device meant to replace missing biological functionality. Neural prostheses are a series of devices that can substitute a motor, sensory or cognitive modality that might have been damaged as a result of an injury or a disease.
Molecular diffusionMolecular diffusion, often simply called diffusion, is the thermal motion of all (liquid or gas) particles at temperatures above absolute zero. The rate of this movement is a function of temperature, viscosity of the fluid and the size (mass) of the particles. Diffusion explains the net flux of molecules from a region of higher concentration to one of lower concentration. Once the concentrations are equal the molecules continue to move, but since there is no concentration gradient the process of molecular diffusion has ceased and is instead governed by the process of self-diffusion, originating from the random motion of the molecules.
Sequential probability ratio testThe sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) is a specific sequential hypothesis test, developed by Abraham Wald and later proven to be optimal by Wald and Jacob Wolfowitz. Neyman and Pearson's 1933 result inspired Wald to reformulate it as a sequential analysis problem. The Neyman-Pearson lemma, by contrast, offers a rule of thumb for when all the data is collected (and its likelihood ratio known). While originally developed for use in quality control studies in the realm of manufacturing, SPRT has been formulated for use in the computerized testing of human examinees as a termination criterion.
Luminescence optiquement stimuléeLa luminescence optiquement stimulée (de l'anglais Optically Stimulated Luminescence ou OSL) est une technique utilisée pour la datation des minéraux. Cette technique repose sur le principe que dans certains minéraux, tels que le quartz et le feldspath, les électrons de leurs cristaux peuvent être piégés entre la bande de valence et la bande de conduction à la suite d'une excitation par la radiation ionisante émise par des radionucléides présents naturellement dans le sol (p.ex.
Glossary of experimental designA glossary of terms used in experimental research. Statistics Experimental design Estimation theory Alias: When the estimate of an effect also includes the influence of one or more other effects (usually high order interactions) the effects are said to be aliased (see confounding). For example, if the estimate of effect D in a four factor experiment actually estimates (D + ABC), then the main effect D is aliased with the 3-way interaction ABC. Note: This causes no difficulty when the higher order interaction is either non-existent or insignificant.
Expérience aléatoirevignette|Exemple d'expérience aléatoire: pile ou face En théorie des probabilités, une expérience aléatoire est une expérience renouvelable (en théorie si ce n'est en pratique), dont le résultat ne peut être prévu, et qui, renouvelée dans des conditions identiques –pour autant que l'observateur puisse s'en assurer– ne donne pas forcément le même résultat à chaque renouvellement. Une succession de lancers d'une même pièce en est un exemple classique. Le tirage au hasard d'un élément dans un ensemble en est un autre exemple.
