Brushed DC electric motorA brushed DC electric motor is an internally commutated electric motor designed to be run from a direct current power source and utilizing an electric brush for contact. Brushed motors were the first commercially important application of electric power to driving mechanical energy, and DC distribution systems were used for more than 100 years to operate motors in commercial and industrial buildings. Brushed DC motors can be varied in speed by changing the operating voltage or the strength of the magnetic field.
Connexion (mathématiques)En géométrie différentielle, la connexion est un outil pour réaliser le transport parallèle. Il existe plusieurs présentations qui dépendent de l'utilisation faite. Cette notion a été développée au début des années 1920 par Élie Cartan et Hermann Weyl (avec comme cas particulier celle de connexion affine), puis reformulée en 1951 par Charles Ehresmann et Jean-Louis Koszul. Connexion de Koszul La connexion de Koszul est un opérateur sur des espaces de sections.
Voltage spikeIn electrical engineering, spikes are fast, short duration electrical transients in voltage (voltage spikes), current (current spikes), or transferred energy (energy spikes) in an electrical circuit. Fast, short duration electrical transients (overvoltages) in the electric potential of a circuit are typically caused by Lightning strikes Power outages Tripped circuit breakers Short circuits Power transitions in other large equipment on the same power line Malfunctions caused by the power company Electromagnetic pulses (EMP) with electromagnetic energy distributed typically up to the 100 kHz and 1 MHz frequency range.
Residual-current deviceA residual-current device (RCD), residual-current circuit breaker (RCCB) or ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) is an electrical safety device that quickly breaks an electrical circuit with leakage current to ground. It is to protect equipment and to reduce the risk of serious harm from an ongoing electric shock. Injury may still occur in some cases, for example if a human receives a brief shock before the electrical circuit is isolated, falls after receiving a shock, or if the person touches both conductors at the same time.
Physics educationPhysics education or physics teaching refers to the education methods currently used to teach physics. The occupation is called physics educator or physics teacher. Physics education research refers to an area of pedagogical research that seeks to improve those methods. Historically, physics has been taught at the high school and college level primarily by the lecture method together with laboratory exercises aimed at verifying concepts taught in the lectures.
Mesure des distances en astronomiePlusieurs méthodes ont été identifiées pour mesurer des en astronomie. Chaque méthode n'est applicable que pour une certaine échelle. Le recoupement des méthodes permet, de proche en proche, de mesurer la distance des objets les plus lointains de l'univers observable. Rayon de la Terre La première mesure effectuée en astronomie a été conçue au par Ératosthène. Son calcul est simple : le Soleil est si éloigné que ses rayons arrivent parallèlement en tout point de la Terre.
Physique expérimentalevignette|La physique expérimentale peut parfois recourir à des instruments de très grandes dimensions : ici, construction du détecteur CMS (Compact Muon Solenoid) du Grand collisionneur de hadrons (LHC) au CERN, en 2003. Les techniciens présents en bas de l'image donnent une idée des dimensions réelles de cet ensemble (15 m de diamètre, 21 m de long, pour un poids de 14 000 tonnes) installé 100 mètres sous la surface du sol.
Near and far fieldThe near field and far field are regions of the electromagnetic (EM) field around an object, such as a transmitting antenna, or the result of radiation scattering off an object. Non-radiative near-field behaviors dominate close to the antenna or scattering object, while electromagnetic radiation far-field behaviors dominate at greater distances. Far-field E (electric) and B (magnetic) field strength decreases as the distance from the source increases, resulting in an inverse-square law for the radiated power intensity of electromagnetic radiation.
InductanceSelon le théorème d'Ampère, tout courant parcourant un circuit crée un champ magnétique à travers la section qu'il entoure, c'est le phénomène d'induction électromagnétique. L'inductance de ce circuit est le quotient du flux de ce champ magnétique par l’intensité du courant traversant le circuit. L’unité SI de l’inductance est le henry (H), nom donné en l'honneur du physicien Joseph Henry. En toute rigueur ce terme n'a d’intérêt que pour les situations dans lesquelles le flux est proportionnel au courant.
Ultrashort pulseIn optics, an ultrashort pulse, also known as an ultrafast event, is an electromagnetic pulse whose time duration is of the order of a picosecond (10−12 second) or less. Such pulses have a broadband optical spectrum, and can be created by mode-locked oscillators. Amplification of ultrashort pulses almost always requires the technique of chirped pulse amplification, in order to avoid damage to the gain medium of the amplifier. They are characterized by a high peak intensity (or more correctly, irradiance) that usually leads to nonlinear interactions in various materials, including air.
