Bone tumorA bone tumor is an abnormal growth of tissue in bone, traditionally classified as noncancerous (benign) or cancerous (malignant). Cancerous bone tumors usually originate from a cancer in another part of the body such as from lung, breast, thyroid, kidney and prostate. There may be a lump, pain, or neurological signs from pressure. A bone tumor might present with a pathologic fracture. Other symptoms may include fatigue, fever, weight loss, anemia and nausea. Sometimes there are no symptoms and the tumour is found when investigating another problem.
Immunité humoraleL'immunité humorale, ou immunité à médiation humorale, est l'immunité adaptative par production d'anticorps. Cette réponse immunitaire se compose de quatre grandes étapes : la reconnaissance de l'antigène et une sélection clonale, la prolifération clonale, la différenciation des lymphocytes B en plasmocytes et la formation de complexe immun pour neutraliser l'antigène. Reconnaissance de l'antigène et sélection clonale : le lymphocyte B étant capable de reconnaître la molécule étrangère sera sélectionné et cette sélection va provoquer l'activation des lymphocytes B.
Polyclonal B cell responsePolyclonal B cell response is a natural mode of immune response exhibited by the adaptive immune system of mammals. It ensures that a single antigen is recognized and attacked through its overlapping parts, called epitopes, by multiple clones of B cell. In the course of normal immune response, parts of pathogens (e.g. bacteria) are recognized by the immune system as foreign (non-self), and eliminated or effectively neutralized to reduce their potential damage. Such a recognizable substance is called an antigen.
Voie buccaleLa voie buccale est la voie d'administration de médicaments par laquelle le principe actif est administré dans la bouche. L’action des médicaments pris par voie buccale peut être locale ou générale (systémique). Dans ce second cas, la voie d'administration est entérale : le principe actif diffuse à travers la muqueuse buccale (tissus qui tapissent la bouche) et entre directement dans la circulation sanguine.
Primary tumorA primary tumor is a tumor growing at the anatomical site where tumor progression began and proceeded to yield a cancerous mass. Most solid cancers develop at their primary site but may then go on to metastasize or spread to other parts of the body. These further tumors are secondary tumors. Most cancers continue to be called after their primary site, as in breast cancer or lung cancer for example, even after they have spread to other parts of the body.
Interleukine 15l'interleukine 15 est une interleukine intervenant dans la mémoire des lymphocytes CD8. Son gène est le IL15 situé sur le chromosome 4 humain. Cette interleukine est nécessaire pour le développement des cellules CD8 spécifiques d'un antigène, aussi en nombre qu'en fonction. Elle stimule la synthèse de glycane O par ces dernières, contribuant ainsi leur rassemblement dans les lieux d'inflammation. Avec l'interleukine 12 et les interferons alpha et bêta, elle favorise la prolifération des lymphocytes NK par l'intermédiaire de la voie du mTOR.
Tumeur germinaleLes tumeurs germinales sont des proliférations des lignées cellulaires germinales : ovulaires dans l'ovaire, spermatocytiques dans le testicule. Elles sont divisées en deux grands types histopathologiques : les séminomes (50 % des cas), qui auraient pour origine une prolifération anarchique de cellules de l'épithélium germinal du tube séminifère. Ils présentent un aspect hypoéchogène et hypovascularisée à l'échographie scrotale. Ils sont radio-sensibles et leur pronostic est bon dans 95 % des cas, mais ils nécessitent un suivi du patient.
Adverse childhood experiencesAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) include childhood emotional, physical, or sexual abuse and household dysfunction during childhood. The categories are verbal abuse, physical abuse, contact sexual abuse, a battered mother, household substance abuse, household mental illness, incarcerated household members, and parental separation or divorce. The experiences chosen were based upon prior research that has shown to them to have significant negative health or social implications, and for which substantial efforts are being made in the public and private sector to reduce their frequency of occurrence.
Treatment of cancerCancer can be treated by surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormonal therapy, targeted therapy (including immunotherapy such as monoclonal antibody therapy) and synthetic lethality, most commonly as a series of separate treatments (e.g. chemotherapy before surgery). The choice of therapy depends upon the location and grade of the tumor and the stage of the disease, as well as the general state of the patient (performance status). Cancer genome sequencing helps in determining which cancer the patient exactly has for determining the best therapy for the cancer.
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytesTumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) are white blood cells that have left the bloodstream and migrated towards a tumor. They include T cells and B cells and are part of the larger category of ‘tumor-infiltrating immune cells’ which consist of both mononuclear and polymorphonuclear immune cells, (i.e., T cells, B cells, natural killer cells, macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils, etc.) in variable proportions. Their abundance varies with tumor type and stage and in some cases relates to disease prognosis.
