Biologie cellulairethumb|Détection de filaments d'actine dans des cellules animales (immunofluorescence) La biologie cellulaire (anciennement appelée cytologie) est une discipline scientifique qui étudie les cellules, du point de vue structural et fonctionnel, et les utilise pour des applications en biotechnologie. Elle s'intéresse à l'écosystème cellulaire, c'est-à-dire à l'équilibre dynamique et autorégulé des fonctions cellulaires, dans un contexte normal ou perturbé.
Métastase cérébraleUne métastase cérébrale est une dissémination de cellules cancéreuses (Métastases) dans le tissu cérébral. Cela désigne des tumeurs malignes originant de l'extérieur du cerveau. Les métastase cérébrales viennent souvent du cancer du poumon, du cancer du sein, du cancer du rein et de mélanome malin. Ce sont les tumeurs les plus fréquentes au niveau du cerveau. Elles peuvent se faire sentir, entre autres, par des maux de tête, des troubles neurologiques, des convulsions et des changements d'attitude.
Effet Tcherenkovvignette|Radiation Tcherenkov dans le cœur de l'Advanced Test Reactor. L'effet Tcherenkov, parfois nommé effet Vavilov-Tcherenkov, est un phénomène similaire à une onde de choc, produisant un flash de lumière lorsqu'une particule chargée se déplace dans un milieu diélectrique avec une vitesse supérieure à la vitesse de la lumière dans ce milieu (la vitesse de la lumière dans le vide étant toujours supérieure à celle de la particule). Cet effet provoque par exemple la luminosité bleutée de l'eau entourant le cœur d'un réacteur nucléaire.
Whole genome sequencingWhole genome sequencing (WGS), also known as full genome sequencing, complete genome sequencing, or entire genome sequencing, is the process of determining the entirety, or nearly the entirety, of the DNA sequence of an organism's genome at a single time. This entails sequencing all of an organism's chromosomal DNA as well as DNA contained in the mitochondria and, for plants, in the chloroplast. Whole genome sequencing has largely been used as a research tool, but was being introduced to clinics in 2014.
Cell growthCell growth refers to an increase in the total mass of a cell, including both cytoplasmic, nuclear and organelle volume. Cell growth occurs when the overall rate of cellular biosynthesis (production of biomolecules or anabolism) is greater than the overall rate of cellular degradation (the destruction of biomolecules via the proteasome, lysosome or autophagy, or catabolism). Cell growth is not to be confused with cell division or the cell cycle, which are distinct processes that can occur alongside cell growth during the process of cell proliferation, where a cell, known as the mother cell, grows and divides to produce two daughter cells.
Transgenerational epigenetic inheritanceTransgenerational epigenetic inheritance is the transmission of epigenetic markers and modifications from one generation to multiple subsequent generations without altering the primary structure of DNA. Thus, the regulation of genes via epigenetic mechanisms can be heritable; the amount of transcripts and proteins produced can be altered by inherited epigenetic changes. In order for epigenetic marks to be heritable, however, they must occur in the gametes in animals, but since plants lack a definitive germline and can propagate, epigenetic marks in any tissue can be heritable.
ÉpigénomeL'épigénome est l'ensemble des modifications épigénétiques d'une cellule. L’épigénome est l'état épigénétique de la cellule. À l'image des cellules embryonnaires qui peuvent avoir plusieurs fonctions finales, un unique génome peut être modifié de multiples manières pour donner des épigénomes différents. Il est actuellement conjecturé par un grand nombre de chercheurs en épigénétique qu'un code épigénétique existe dans chaque cellule eucaryote - par analogie au code génétique.
Gene expression profilingIn the field of molecular biology, gene expression profiling is the measurement of the activity (the expression) of thousands of genes at once, to create a global picture of cellular function. These profiles can, for example, distinguish between cells that are actively dividing, or show how the cells react to a particular treatment. Many experiments of this sort measure an entire genome simultaneously, that is, every gene present in a particular cell. Several transcriptomics technologies can be used to generate the necessary data to analyse.
Patient-reported outcomeA patient-reported outcome (PRO) is a health outcome directly reported by the patient who experienced it. It stands in contrast to an outcome reported by someone else, such as a physician-reported outcome, a nurse-reported outcome, and so on. PRO methods, such as questionnaires, are used in clinical trials or other clinical settings, to help better understand a treatment's efficacy or effectiveness. The use of digitized PROs, or electronic patient-reported outcomes (ePROs), is on the rise in today's health research setting.
Epigenetic clockAn epigenetic clock is a biochemical test that can be used to measure age. The test is based on DNA methylation levels, measuring the accumulation of methyl groups to one's DNA molecules. The strong effects of age on DNA methylation levels have been known since the late 1960s. A vast literature describes sets of CpGs whose DNA methylation levels correlate with age. The first robust demonstration that DNA methylation levels in saliva could generate age predictors with an average accuracy of 5.
