Disruptive selectionDisruptive selection, also called diversifying selection, describes changes in population genetics in which extreme values for a trait are favored over intermediate values. In this case, the variance of the trait increases and the population is divided into two distinct groups. In this more individuals acquire peripheral character value at both ends of the distribution curve. Natural selection is known to be one of the most important biological processes behind evolution.
Vertebrate paleontologyVertebrate paleontology is the subfield of paleontology that seeks to discover, through the study of fossilized remains, the behavior, reproduction and appearance of extinct animals with vertebrae or a notochord. It also tries to connect, by using the evolutionary timeline, the animals of the past and their modern-day relatives. The fossil record shows aspects of the meandering evolutionary path from early aquatic vertebrates to mammals, with a host of transitional fossils, though there are still large blank areas.
Systématique évolutionnistevignette|Arbre à « bulles », ici stylisé, typique de la systématique évolutionniste. La systématique évolutionniste, ou simplement évolutionnisme, appelée aussi systématique évolutive, éclectique ou synthétiste, est une école de systématique, et plus particulièrement de taxonomie (désignée dans ce cas par taxinomie ou taxonomie évolutive), qui a pour finalité d'établir une classification phylogénétique tenant compte à la fois de la généalogie des espèces et de leurs distances phénotypiques (notamment leurs différents plans d'organisation).
Evolution of mammalian auditory ossiclesThe evolution of mammalian auditory ossicles was an evolutionary process that resulted in the formation of the bones of the mammalian middle ear. These bones, or ossicles, are a defining characteristic of all mammals. The event is well-documented and important as a demonstration of transitional forms and exaptation, the re-purposing of existing structures during evolution. The ossicles evolved from skull bones present in most tetrapods, including the reptilian lineage.
Homologie (évolution)En biologie de l'évolution, une homologie désigne un lien évolutif entre deux traits (en général anatomiques) observés chez deux espèces différentes, qui est dû au fait que toutes deux l'ont hérité d'un ancêtre commun. Ces traits sont alors dits homologues. Ce peut être des caractères anatomiques, ou moléculaires (protéines homologues). Ce terme s'étend aussi aux séquences génétiques (de l'ADN). Le terme homologie est un concept fondamental pour la biologie en ce qui concerne l’organisation d’un organisme.
Deep homologyIn evolutionary developmental biology, the concept of deep homology is used to describe cases where growth and differentiation processes are governed by genetic mechanisms that are homologous and deeply conserved across a wide range of species. In 1822, the French zoologist Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire dissected a crayfish, discovering that its body is organised like a vertebrate's, but inverted belly to back (dorsoventrally): I just found that all the soft organs, that is to say, the principal organs of life are found in crustaceans, and so in insects, in the same order, in the same relationships and with the same arrangement as their analogues in the high vertebrate animals .
Gap geneA gap gene is a type of gene involved in the development of the segmented embryos of some arthropods. Gap genes are defined by the effect of a mutation in that gene, which causes the loss of contiguous body segments, resembling a gap in the normal body plan. Each gap gene, therefore, is necessary for the development of a section of the organism. Gap genes were first described by Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard and Eric Wieschaus in 1980. They used a genetic screen to identify genes required for embryonic development in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster.
Saltationnismevignette|Gradualisme phylétique versus théorie des équilibres ponctués. En biologie, le (du latin saltus, « saut ») est une théorie de l'évolution selon laquelle les macromutations sont le moyen par lequel des sauts évolutifs importants pourraient se produire en une ou quelques générations. Cette saltation (le saut adaptatif ou saut évolutif) étant le passage par sauts brusques d'une valeur stable à une autre valeur stable espacé par une période de stase (période où l'espèce n'évolue pas).
Plant evolutionary developmental biologyEvolutionary developmental biology (evo-devo) is the study of developmental programs and patterns from an evolutionary perspective. It seeks to understand the various influences shaping the form and nature of life on the planet. Evo-devo arose as a separate branch of science rather recently. An early sign of this occurred in 1999. Most of the synthesis in evo-devo has been in the field of animal evolution, one reason being the presence of model systems like Drosophila melanogaster, C. elegans, zebrafish and Xenopus laevis.
Generic Model Organism DatabaseThe Generic Model Organism Database (GMOD) project provides biological research communities with a toolkit of open-source software components for visualizing, annotating, managing, and storing biological data. The GMOD project is funded by the United States National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation and the USDA Agricultural Research Service. The GMOD project was started in the early 2000s as a collaboration between several model organism databases (MODs) who shared a need to create similar software tools for processing data from sequencing projects.
