Stratospheric aerosol injectionStratospheric aerosol injection is a proposed method of solar geoengineering (or solar radiation modification) to reduce global warming. This would introduce aerosols into the stratosphere to create a cooling effect via global dimming and increased albedo, which occurs naturally from volcanic winter. It appears that stratospheric aerosol injection, at a moderate intensity, could counter most changes to temperature and precipitation, take effect rapidly, have low direct implementation costs, and be reversible in its direct climatic effects.
Concentration molaireLa concentration molaire ou molarité, ou parfois taux molaire, d'une espèce chimique est sa quantité rapportée au volume total du mélange qui contient cette espèce. Elle est exprimée en moles par unité de volume. Cette notion est essentiellement utilisée pour des espèces en solution. La concentration molaire d'un soluté est notée ou .
Concentration (opération chimique)En chimie, concentrer signifie augmenter le rapport entre la quantité d'une substance et le volume du milieu qu'elle occupe. Plus spécifiquement, la concentration est la mesure de la quantité d'une matière donnée dissoute dans un volume d'une autre substance. Le terme concentration s'applique à toutes sortes de mélanges, mais est surtout utilisé lorsqu’il s'agit de solution. Il s'agit alors de la quantité de soluté dissoute dans un solvant. Pour concentrer une solution, il faut rajouter du soluté ou réduire la quantité de solvant, par exemple par évaporation sélective.
Réchauffement climatiquevignette|redresse=1.35|Températures moyennes de l'air en surface de 2011 à 2020 par rapport à une moyenne de référence de 1951 à 1980. vignette|redresse=1.35|Température observée par la NASA par rapport à la moyenne de 1850-1900 comme référence préindustrielle. Le principal facteur d'augmentation des températures mondiales à l'ère industrielle est l'activité humaine, les forces naturelles ajoutant de la variabilité. vignette|redresse=1.35|L'énergie circule entre l'espace, l'atmosphère et la surface de la Terre.
Marine cloud brighteningMarine cloud brightening also known as marine cloud seeding and marine cloud engineering is a proposed solar radiation management climate engineering technique that would make clouds brighter, reflecting a small fraction of incoming sunlight back into space in order to offset anthropogenic global warming. Along with stratospheric aerosol injection, it is one of the two solar radiation management methods that may most feasibly have a substantial climate impact.
Cloud feedbackCloud feedback is the coupling between cloudiness and surface air temperature where a surface air temperature change leads to a change in clouds, which could then amplify or diminish the initial temperature perturbation. Cloud feedbacks can affect the magnitude of internally generated climate variability or they can affect the magnitude of climate change resulting from external radiative forcings. Global warming is expected to change the distribution and type of clouds.
Marine habitatA marine habitat is a habitat that supports marine life. Marine life depends in some way on the saltwater that is in the sea (the term marine comes from the Latin mare, meaning sea or ocean). A habitat is an ecological or environmental area inhabited by one or more living species. The marine environment supports many kinds of these habitats. Marine habitats can be divided into coastal and open ocean habitats. Coastal habitats are found in the area that extends from as far as the tide comes in on the shoreline out to the edge of the continental shelf.
Global surface temperatureIn earth science, global surface temperature (GST; sometimes referred to as global mean surface temperature, GMST, or global average surface temperature) is calculated by averaging the temperature at the surface of the sea and air temperature over land. Periods of global cooling and global warming have alternated during Earth's history. of reliable global temperature measurements began in the 1850—1880 time frame. Through 1940, the average annual temperature increased, but was relatively stable between 1940 and 1975.
Cloud coverCloud cover (also known as cloudiness, cloudage, or cloud amount) refers to the fraction of the sky obscured by clouds on average when observed from a particular location. Okta is the usual unit for measurement of the cloud cover. The cloud cover is correlated to the sunshine duration as the least cloudy locales are the sunniest ones while the cloudiest areas are the least sunny places, as clouds can block sunlight, especially on sunrise and sunset where sunlight is already limited. The global cloud cover averages around 0.
Ensemencement des nuagesL’ensemencement des nuages est une forme de modification du temps qui consiste à ajouter différentes substances (aérosols, petites particules de glace) dans des nuages afin d’influencer les précipitations. Il vise à intervenir sur les processus microphysiques liés aux échanges entre les différentes phases de l’eau dans le nuage (vapeur, liquide, glace) et ainsi sur la distribution et la taille des particules du nuage.
